whAT YOU THOUGHT ABOUT HUMANS WAS NOT TRUE Conceptualizing Psychopathy Insanity without delirium Philippe Pinel Behaviour wo remorselessness The Mask of Sanity Hervey Cleckley ID: 296080
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Slide1
PSYCHOPATHY
whAT
YOU THOUGHT ABOUT HUMANS WAS NOT TRUE..Slide2
Conceptualizing Psychopathy
Insanity
without delirium
(Philippe
Pinel
)
Behaviour w/o remorselessness
The Mask of Sanity
(Hervey
Cleckley
)
An intelligent person
Poverty of emotions
No sense of shame, superficially charming, manipulative, irresponsible behaviour
Without Conscience
(Robert Hare)
Intra-species predators
Charming, manipulative, violent
Modern Definition
Psychopathy is a personality disorder
A constellation of symptoms Slide3
Defining Psychopathy
Psychopaths
(10-25%)
APD
(65-80%)
All Offenders
(100%)
Hart (2000)Slide4
Defining Psychopathy
Antisocial Personality or Psychopathy
Most (not all) psychopaths are antisocial personalities
BUT
Not all antisocial personalities are psychopathsSlide5
Measuring Psychopathy
Factor 1:
Interpersonal/
Affective Features
Factor 2:
Socially Deviant Lifestyle
Impulsive & irresponsible
Delinquent & antisocial
Narcissistic & dominant
Low empathy & anxiety
S.D.Hart (2000)Slide6
Defining Psychopathy
Psychopathy
Interpersonal
* Arrogant
* Deceitful
Lifestyle
*
Boredom
* Parasitic
*Irresponsible
Antisocial
* Early Beh Prob
Juvenile DelinquencyCriminal Versatility
Affective* Lacks Emotion* Lacks Empathy
Factor 1
Factor 2Slide7
DEFINITIONS
Difficulties processing, understanding and using emotional material
Deficit in processing emotional information
Their linguistic processes seem relatively superficial and the subtle more abstract meanings and nuances of language seem to escape them (
Cleckly, 1976, Hare 2003)
He knows the words but not the music (Hare, 2003)Slide8
MOVIE CLIP
http://
topdocumentaryfilms.com
/
i-psychopath/Slide9
The psychopath
Fail to understand the affective meaning of words (emotional words) but understand the
dictionary
meaning of words
They take longer to process emotional words rather than neutral words (like a second language)They have more difficulty recognizing fearful content in spoken languagePsychopaths were more likely to attribute happiness to an individual who had committed intentional harm (when evaluating emotional stories and trying to determine how someone would feel)
Psychopaths rely on listeners to pay attention to how things are said more than what was saidSlide10
PERSONALITY DISORDER VS DISTINCT PATHOLOGY
Biological studies consistently show differing reactions
in
brain scansPsychopathy may be associated with anomalies in various structures and circuits in the brainSlide11
Biology of Psychopaths
Genetic Factors
Temperament
Brain Structures
Dysfunction of the
paralimbic system--a system that includes parts of the temporal and frontal lobes (2006, Kiehl)Defects in frontal lobe processing Amygdala dysfunction (abnormal structure,
2011, Boccardi)Differences in temporal gyrus (differences in perceptions of emotions in facial stimuli)
Associated with abnormalities of processing conceptually abstract material.Slide12
Biology of psychopaths
Peripheral Nervous System Research
Low skin
conductance (attenuated cues of impending pain or punishment – “I just put it out of my mind”, less reaction to distressing images)
Autonomic Nervous System Research
Autonomically and cortically underarousedDeficient in avoidance learning (show little fear in anticipation of an unpleasant or painful stimuli)Integration of activities between the two hemispheres may be deficientSlide13
CRITERIA FOR PSYCHOPATHY ACCORDING TO HARE (2003)
Hare PCL-R most widely used measure for Psychopathy
Gold standard for assessment
Important element in trials involving serious offenses
Conducted by well trained professionalsBased on file review or clinical interview (with collateral sources)Slide14
Definition according to Hare
(PCL-R)
FACTOR 1: Interpersonal/
Emotional
Glibness/Superficial Charm
GrandiosePathological LyingConning/ManipulativeLack of Remorse or Guilt
Callous/Lack of EmpathyShallow AffectFailure to Accept Responsibility for Own Actions
FACTOR 2: Socially Deviant Lifestyle
Need for StimulationParasitic LifestylePoor Behavioural Controls
Early Behavioural ProblemsLack of Realistic, Long-term GoalsImpulsivityIrresponsibility
Juvenile DelinquencyRevocation of Conditional ReleaseAlso…Criminal Versatility; Many Short Term Marital Relationships, Promiscuous Sexual Behavior Slide15
Psychopathy in children?
Concerns
Labeling at young age
More likely to be transferred to adult court system
Self-fulfilling prophecy with providers
Importance of early identificationTreatmentAvoid societal and individual repercussionsSlide16
THE WHITE COLLAR PSYCHOPATH
CEO’s, corporate presidents, Stock market, Fraudsters
…
4% of corporate professionals had a PCL R score of 30 + (N = 203;
Babiak, 2010)If you were a psychopath who wanted to avoid jail where would you go?Slide17
Offending Patterns
#1 Type of Criminality
Psychopaths are more likely to commit violent offences
Psychopaths were five times more likely to commit a violent offence
(
Serin & Amos, 1995).Psychopathic offender, compared to non-psychopathic offender, more likely to kill males who are strangers.The violence of psychopaths has atypical motivationsInstrumental Violence, Sadistic
Impulsive, OpportunismSlide18
Offending Patterns
#2 Stability of Criminality
About ½ of criminal psychopaths show a reduction in
non-violent crime
by age 35 or 40 years
Harpur and Hare (1994)Offenders who ranged in age from 16 to 70 years assessed on the PCL-RScores on Factor 2 of the PCL-R decreased with age.
Scores on Factor 1 of the PCL-R were stableAge-related changes in behaviour are not related with changes in the affective/interpersonal traits.Slide19
Offending Patterns
#3 Frequency of Criminality
Psychopaths are high-density offenders. They commit more crimes, have higher rates of recidivism, and re-offender faster than other offenders.
Hart,
Kropp
, and Hare (1988):Administered PCL-R to 231 inmatesHigh PCL-R – 90% re-offendedMid PCL-R – 60% re-offendedLow PCL-R – 30% re-offendedSlide20
Risk
Psychopathy is the biggest
predictor of violent reoffending
High PCL-R offenders are 2.5 Times more likely to get parole (Porter, 2009)
SEXUAL DEVIANCE + PSYCHOPATHY = HUGE PROBLEM!Slide21
Hart et al. (1988) offenders on conditional release – any
reoffense
Survival Curves
Low
High
MiddleSlide22
Quinsey
et al. (1993)
Survival Curves for male rapists and child molesters
Psychopaths
Non PsychopathsSlide23
WORKING WITH THE PSYCHOPATH
DOES TREATMENT WORK?
WHAT TO EXPECT?
HOW TO REACT?
IN PEOPLE WITH A LONG HISTORY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIORS, RULE OUT PSYCHOPATHY FIRSTSlide24
Treatment and Psychopathy
Group therapy and insight-oriented therapy make psychopathy worse
Learning about empathy can help them to develop better ways of manipulating, deceiving and using people
Doesn’t help them understand themselves.
Other treatment possibilities?
Don’t focus on characteristics that can’t be changed (e.g. not emotional reactions, empathy). Focus on their motivations (not altruism, but short-term self-interest, excitement, sense of
power) (Thronton & Blud, 2007)Focusing on how behaving
prosocially can get them what they want; focus on their strengths (Hare, 2003)Give them those reinforcements for good behaviors… (make sure that it is a true reinforcement for THEM – not what you would assume would be a reinforcement!)Slide25
SELF CARE WHEN WORKING WITH PSYCHOPATHS
Recall last clip of
movie…
Very difficult to not attend to information provided to you by psychopaths
Recall their need for manipulationHave a set plan before you enter the room
Relaxation, strong inner self-concept, let some things goIdentify your vulnerabilities before handOne psychopath a day is lots to deal with …Slide26
Want more information?
www.hare.org
f
or
research papers on many facets of Psychopathy