Catharine Mannion PhD University of FloridaIFAS Tropical Res and Edu Center cmannionufledu Ficus Whitefly Feeds only on ficus Leaf yellowing Leaf drop Dieback Photo H Glenn UFIFAS ID: 282886
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Slide1
Whiteflies
Catharine
Mannion, Ph.D.University of Florida/IFAS Tropical Res. and Edu. Centercmannion@ufl.eduSlide2
Ficus
Whitefly
Feeds only on ficusLeaf yellowingLeaf dropDieback
Photo: H. Glenn,, UF/IFASSlide3
Ficus WhiteflySinghiella simplex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Only feeds on ficus species
Photo: A. Roda, USDA APHIS
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFASSlide4
Ficus Whitefly UpdateSome whitefly stages difficult to seeDamage is most obvious in late summer and fallTypically populations go down in the winterSince last year, this whitefly appears to be worse
Ongoing issues with ficus recoverySlide5
Photos: W. Schall, Palm Beach County Extension
Ficus Whitefly
Only feeds on ficus
Causes leaf yellowing, leaf drop and branch diebackSlide6
Causes leaf yellowingLeaf drop (severe)Branch dieback (highly variable)
Ficus Whitefly - Damage
Photo: H. Glenn, and C. Mannion, UF/IFAS
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFASSlide7
Photo: A. Roda, USDA APHIS
Eggs
(10 days)
Crawler
(4.2 days)
Adult Whitefly
(2-4 days)
2
nd
-3
rd
instars
3-4 days each
Pupa
(5.8 days)Slide8
Ficus WhiteflyLife Cycle
Adult Whitefly
(2-4 days)
Eggs
(10 days
)
1
st
instar – crawler
(4.2 days)
2
nd
-3
rd
instars – nymphs
2
nd
instar – 3.7 days; 3
rd
instar – 3. 3 days
4
th
instar – puparia
(5.8 days)
*2nd
Constant temperature (80º F)
*3rd
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFASSlide9
Ficus Whitefly Immature StagesThe immature stages (typically found on the underside of leaves) tend to be flat, oval and can vary in color or transparent
The pupal case is often one of the most visible stages
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFASSlide10Slide11
Natural Enemies Observed in the Landscape
Encarsia protransvenaAmitus bennetti
Harmonia axyridisOlla v-nigrumExochomus childreniChilocorus nigritisCurinus coeruleus
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFASSlide12
Natural Enemies Observed in the LandscapeEncarsia protransvena
Amitus bennetti
Harmonia axyridisOlla v-nigrumExochomus childreniChilocorus nigritisCurinus coeruleusSlide13
Ficus HostsPreviously Reported
(other countries)F. benjaminaF. microcarpa
F. aureaF. altissimaF. bengalensisF. maclellandiiTested (Florida)F. benjaminaF. microcarpaF. aurea (native)F. citrifolia (native)F. binnenjikii “Alii”Slide14
Ficus Hosts Not Susceptible to the Whitefly
F. microcarpa “Green Island”F. relig
iosaF. carica (edible fig)F. lyrataF. pumila (= F. repens)F. elastica “Burgundy”Slide15
Site
Damage rating (Average
± SE) every 2 weeksOct 22Nov
7
Nov 20
Dec
4
Dec 18
Jan
3
Jan
22
Feb
1
Feb
14
1
5.0
5.0
4.7
3.7
3.3
2.3
2.0
1.3
1.0
3
5.0
5.0
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
5
5.0
5.0
3.5
0.6
2.0
1.0
0.5
terminated
terminated
7
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.5
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
0 (no leaves)
1 (1 -20%)
2 (21 -40%)
3 (41- 60%)
4 (61- 80%)
5 (81 – 100%)Slide16
Laboratory Bioassay Standard petri plate with a small hole placed on a container of water; cutting or leaf placed in the plate with the stem or root placed in the holeSlide17
Ficus WhiteflyLife Cycle
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
Adult Whitefly
(2-4 days)
Eggs
(10 days)
1
st
instar – crawler
(4.2 days)
2
nd
-3
rd
instars – nymphs
2
nd
instar – 3.7 days; 3
rd
instar – 3. 3 days
4
th
instar – puparia
(5.8 days)
*2nd
Constant temperature (80º F)
*3rdSlide18
Effect of Temperature on Length of Life Cycle
(68ºF)
(80.6ºF)
(86ºF)Slide19
Effect of Temperature on Egg Hatch
(68ºF)
(80.6ºF)
(86ºF)
(59ºF)Slide20
Ficus Whitefly TrappingFicus benjamina
Isolated areaSticky traps for adult whitefliesDefoliationSlide21
August
– approx. 600/trap
June
– approx. 100/trap
October
– approx. 1600/trap
December
– approx. 800/trap
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFASSlide22
Ficus Whitefly Adult Flight Study(March 2009 – 2013)
90’
North
South
4
3
2
1
8
7
6
5
40
plantsSlide23
June 2009
June 2010
June 2011
March 2012 – pruned trees to 6 feet
June 2012Slide24
November 2009
November 2011
November 2010
November 2012Slide25
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
West
EastSlide26
7
8
1
2
West
EastSlide27
Ficus WhiteflyMean Trap Catch
Trap Direction
First signs of defoliation
(8/28)
Freezing
TemperaturesSlide28
Ficus Whitefly 2009-2013
2009
2010
2012
2013
2011Slide29
2009
Percent Defoliation
2010
2011
2012Slide30
Ficus WhiteflySlide31
Management with InsecticidesSystemic versus contact
Neonicotinoid insecticidesLength of control3-gal container; F. benjamina
Infested shade houseSlide32
Soil and Foliar Application of InsecticidesSlide33
Pest Problems on Ficus2003 – Ficus thrips2003 – Leaf gall wasp
2007 – Ficus whitefly2007 – Fig wax scale outbreaks2008 – Gall midge2011 – Bondar’s nesting whiteflyOthers (Lobate lac scale; Croton scale)