Chapter 22 New Life Menstrual cycle - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 22

New Life

Menstrual cycle

Menopause

Ovum Ovulation Fertilisation Fallopian tubes Uterus Progesterone

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Essentials for Living, 3rd Edition

Oestrogen Testes Sperm Semen Ejaculation Testosterone Scrotum Embryo

Foetus

Placenta

Umbilical cord

Labour

Episiotomy

Afterbirth

Caesarean section

After completing this chapter and the homework, assignments and activities that accompany it, you should:

Be able to describe and understand the female menstrual cycle. Know how good hygiene can be maintained during menstruation.

Be able to describe both the male and female reproductive systems, including identifying reproductive organs on a diagram. Understand how fertilisation or conception takes place. Be able to describe pregnancy, from fertilisation to birth. Understand the need for responsible sexual behaviour and the possible consequences of irresponsible behaviour.

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Essentials for Living, 3

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Edition

4The menstrual cycle (menstruation – periods) Certain changes occur in a woman’s body every month. These changes are referred to as the menstrual cycle, which begins at puberty and continues until menopause (which normally occurs between 45 and 55 years of age, when periods stop).

During menstruation:

An egg, or ovum, is released from one of the female’s ovaries. This is called ovulation.The egg goes into the fallopian tube nearby and waits to be fertilised by the male sperm.If the egg is not fertilised, it travels down into the womb and out of the body. The girl or woman then has her monthly period.If the woman has sex, sperm comes up to the fallopian tube and may join with the egg. This is called fertilisation or conception.

The

egg makes its way to the

uterus

(womb) and attaches itself to the womb wall. The woman is then pregnant.

The

female hormones

progesterone

and

oestrogen

cause ovulation, changes during puberty and changes during pregnancy.

Female reproductive system

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Essentials for Living, 3

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6Hygiene during menstruation Change pads or tampons every three to four hours.

Wash your pubic area well every day.

Wash your hands before and after changing a pad or tampon.Wear tight-fitting underwear with pads to prevent leaking.Buy dark-coloured underwear to wear during periods.

Essentials for Living, 3

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7The male reproductive system From puberty onwards, the male testes produce

sperm. The testes lie outside the body in a sac called the scrotum

.During sexual intercourse, the blood vessels of the penis fill with blood and it becomes stiff and erect. This allows the man to insert his penis into the woman’s vagina. When the man reaches orgasm, sperm travel quickly through two sperm ducts and spurt out through the penis into the woman’s body. While travelling to the penis, the sperm mix with fluids that nourish the sperm and allow them to swim. This mixture is called semen.At the moment of ejaculation, thousands of sperm are released near the woman’s cervix. They begin swimming towards the fallopian tubes in an effort to fertilise an egg which may or may not be there. In the end, only one sperm fertilises the egg.The male hormone

testosterone

is made in the

testes

and causes:

Sperm

production

Other changes during puberty, e.g. facial

hair

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8Male reproductive system

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Essentials for Living, 3

rd EditionPregnancy

A few days after conception, the egg travels along the fallopian tube to the womb, where it attaches itself to the womb wall. It is now called an embryo. At eight weeks it is called a foetus. Sometimes the egg does not remain implanted and an early miscarriage occurs.

The placenta forms where the embryo is attached. The

umbilical cord then forms, joining the placenta to the baby. The umbilical cord is the baby’s lifeline, supplying food and oxygen. Unfortunately, harmful viruses and harmful substances such as alcohol, nicotine and other drugs can also pass to the baby. A baby’s due date is calculated as 40 weeks from the first day of the woman’s last period.From about 32 weeks, the baby’s head will face downwards. When the baby is about to be born, the waters usually break and contractions start. This is called labour. As labour progresses, contractions will become stronger and more frequent. An epidural may be given for pain relief.

Pregnancy (continued)

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Essentials for Living, 3rd EditionSometimes labour is

induced. This involves giving the woman hormones to start labour.During birth, the head is delivered first. (Babies coming feet first are breech and are usually delivered by Caesarean section.)Often a cut is made in the vagina to make the opening bigger and to stop tearing. This is called an episiotomy

. Once

the head is out, the rest of the body and the afterbirth are delivered. Approximately 10% of babies are born by Caesarean section. The woman’s lower abdomen and uterus are cut open and the baby is removed.

Conception to birth video link

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Essentials for Living, 3rd EditionWatch Conception to Birth – Visualised by Alexander Tsiaras

on TED.com:http://www.ted.com/talks/alexander_tsiaras_conception_to_birth_visualized

Responsible sexual behaviour

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Essentials for Living, 3rd EditionThe teenage birth rate has begun declining, from a high of 3,087 in 2001 to almost half that figure (1,639) in 2012.

Studies show that many teenagers (especially teenage girls) have sex because of various pressures rather than because they really want to. Most people believe that sex is best kept for close, long-term relationships and that casual sex can be damaging for the individual, both physically and psychologically.  

Responsible sexual b

ehaviour

(continued)13Essentials for Living, 3rd EditionCasual sex can lead to:

Unplanned pregnancy.Feelings of being used.Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), e.g. genital warts, herpes, AIDS.

While any woman can develop cervical cancer, there is an increased incidence of cervical cancer in women who were sexually active before the age of 18.

Alcohol or other drugs are often involved when people make risky decisions about sexual activity.

What

is menopause?

Describe what occurs in the female body during menstruation. Label the diagram of the female reproductive system.

Essentials for Living, 3rd Edition

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ABCDE

List

five hygiene points that should be followed during menstruation.

Label the diagram of the male reproductive system.

Essentials for Living, 3rd Edition

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ABCDE

What

are the functions of testosterone in males?

Give a step-by-step description of pregnancy from conception to birth.What is the function of the placenta and umbilical cord?How can a woman’s labour be artificially induced? What is an episiotomy? What is its purpose?What

is a Caesarean section? Why would one be carried out?Outline four risks associated with casual sex.

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Essentials for Living, 3

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17Assignment 36

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