KK Komputasi dan Kecerdasan Buatan Teknik Komputer Universitas Komputer IndonesiaUNIKOM John Adler Wednesday September 19 2012 1 TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra Bahan ID: 1044563
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Pertemuan-2: IMAGE PROCESSING" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
1. Pertemuan-2: IMAGE PROCESSINGKK-Komputasi dan Kecerdasan BuatanTeknik KomputerUniversitas Komputer Indonesia-UNIKOMJohn AdlerWednesday, September 19, 20121TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
2. Bahan kuliah pertemuan-2 Permasalahan image processing : Capture, modelling, feature extraction,image segmentation Sejarah Digital Image Processing (DIP)Beberapa contohKey Stages in Digital Image ProcessingWednesday, September 19, 2012TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra2
3. Permasalahan image processing : Capture, MODELLING, FEATURE EXTRACTION, IMAGE SEGMENTATION Wednesday, September 19, 20123TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
4. Permasalahan captureCapture merupakan proses awal dari image processing untuk mendapatkan gambarProses capture membutuhkan alat-alat capture yang baik seperti kamera, scanner, light-pen dan lainnya, agar diperoleh gambar yang baik.Gambar yang baik akan banyak membantu dalam proses selanjutnya. Wednesday, September 19, 20124TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
5. Permasalahan ModelingDalam modeling diperlukan analisa matematika yang cukup rumit, khususnya pemakaian kalkulus dan transformasi geometri.Wednesday, September 19, 20125(inilah sebabnya di semua jurusan fakultas teknik, kuliah matematika menjadi sangat penting !!) TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
6. Permasalahan Feature ExtractionSetiap gambar mempunyai karakteristik tersendiri, sehingga fitur tidak dapat bersifat general tetapi sangat tergantung pada model dan obyek gambar yang digunakan.Fitur dasar yang bisa diambil adalah warna, bentuk dan tekstur. Fitur yang lebih kompleks menggunakan segmentasi, clustering dan motion estimationPemakaian statistik dan probabilitas, pengolahan sinyal sampai pada machine learning diperlukan di siniWednesday, September 19, 20126TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
7. Permasalahan Image SegmentationBagaimana memisahkan obyek gambar dengan backgroundnyaBagaimana memisahkan setiap obyek gambarTeknik clustering apa yang sesuai dengan model dan obyek gambar yang digunakanWednesday, September 19, 20127TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
8. Contoh Postal Code ProblemWednesday, September 19, 20128TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
9. SEJARAH DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSINGWednesday, September 19, 20129TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
10. History of Digital Image ProcessingEarly 1920s: One of the first applications of digital imaging was in the news-paper industryThe Bartlane cable picture transmission serviceImages were transferred by submarine cable between London and New YorkPictures were coded for cable transfer and reconstructed at the receiving end on a telegraph printerEarly digital imageImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201210TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
11. History of DIP (cont…)Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane system resulted in higher quality imagesNew reproduction processes based on photographic techniquesIncreased number of tones in reproduced imagesImproved digital imageEarly 15 tone digital imageImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201211TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
12. History of DIP (cont…)1960s: Improvements in computing technology and the onset of the space race led to a surge of work in digital image processing1964: Computers used to improve the quality of images of the moon taken by the Ranger 7 probeSuch techniques were usedin other space missions including the Apollo landingsA picture of the moon taken by the Ranger 7 probe minutes before landingImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201212TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
13. History of DIP (cont…)1970s: Digital image processing begins to be used in medical applications1979: Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M. Cormack share the Nobel Prize in medicine for the invention of tomography, the technology behind Computerised Axial Tomography (CAT) scansTypical head slice CAT imageImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201213TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
14. History of DIP (cont…)1980s - Today: The use of digital image processing techniques has exploded and they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all kinds of areasImage enhancement/restorationArtistic effectsMedical visualisationIndustrial inspectionLaw enforcementHuman computer interfacesWednesday, September 19, 201214TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
15. Beberapa Bidang Ilmu yang Berhubungan dengan ImageComputer Graphics : Kreasi imageImage processing : penyempurnaan atau manipulasi gambar- yang hasilnya gambar lainComputer vision : analisis isi imageWednesday, September 19, 201215TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
16. Pengolahan Data Berdasarkan Input/OutputINPUTOUTPUTIMAGEDESKRIPSIIMAGEImage ProcessingComputer VisionDESKRIPSIComputer GraphicsData Mining, dllWednesday, September 19, 201216TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
17. Dua Macam Aplikasi IPMeningkatkan informasi bergambar untuk interpretasi manusiaPemprosesan data image untuk menyimpan, mentransmisikan, dan merepresentasikan untuk persepsi mesin otonomiWednesday, September 19, 201217TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
18. Bidang yang Memanfaatkan IPBerdasarkan sumber dari image:Radiasi dari spektrum elektromagnetikAkustikUltrasonikElektronik (dalam bentuk sinar elektron yang digunakan dalam mikroskop elektron)Komputer (image sintetis yang digunakan untuk pemodelan dan visualisasi)Wednesday, September 19, 201218TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
19. Persoalan di dalam IPCaptureModelingFeature ExtractionImage SegmentationWednesday, September 19, 201219TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
20. Permasalahan CaptureCapture (menangkap gambar) merupakan proses awal dari image processing untuk mendapatkan gambarProses capture membutuhkan alat-alat capture yang baik seperti kamera, scanner, light-pen dan lainnya, agar diperoleh gambar yang baik.Gambar yang baik akan banyak membantu dalam proses selanjutnya.Wednesday, September 19, 201220TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
21. Alat-alat Capture Sesuai FrekuensinyaWednesday, September 19, 201221TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
22. Hasil Capture : Gamma-Ray ImagingNuclear Image :a. Bone scanb. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) image. Astronomical Observationsc. Cygnus LoopNuclear Reactiond. Radiasi Gamma dari katup reaktorWednesday, September 19, 201222TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
23. Hasil Capture : X-Ray ImagingWednesday, September 19, 201223TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
24. Hasil Capture : Ultraviolet ImagingWednesday, September 19, 201224TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
25. Hasil Capture : Visible ImagingWednesday, September 19, 201225TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
26. Hasil Capture : Infrared ImagingWednesday, September 19, 201226TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
27. Hasil Capture : Imaging in Microwave BandImaging radar : satu-satunya cara untuk menjelajahi daerah yang tidak dapat diakses dari permukaan bumi Radar image dari pegunungan di tenggara Tibetperhatikan kejelasan dan detail gambar, tidak terhalang oleh awan atau kondisi atmosfer lain yang biasanya mengganggu gambar dalam tanda visualWednesday, September 19, 201227TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
28. Hasil Capture : Imaging in Microwave BandAplikasi ilmu Geologi : eksplorasi mineral danminyak menggunakan suara dalam spektrumsuara rendah (ratusan Hz)Wednesday, September 19, 201228Model seismik dari image cross-sectionalGambar panah menunjukkan perangkap (bright spots) hidrokarbon (minyak dan atau gas) TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
29. Hasil Capture : Ultrasound ImagingPeralatan medis :BayiMelihat bayi dari sisi yang lainThyroidsLapisan tulang menggambarkan lesionWednesday, September 19, 201229TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
30. Hasil Capture : Imaging in Radio BandWednesday, September 19, 201230TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
31. Menggenerate image oleh komputerFraktal : an iterative reproduction of basic pattern according to some mathematical rules (a) dan (b)Pemodelan komputer 3D (c) dan (d)Wednesday, September 19, 201231TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
32. BEBERAPA CONTOHWednesday, September 19, 201232TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
33. Examples: Image EnhancementOne of the most common uses of DIP techniques: improve quality, remove noise etcImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201233TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
34. Examples: The Hubble TelescopeLaunched in 1990 the Hubble telescope can take images of very distant objectsHowever, an incorrect mirror made many of Hubble’s images uselessImage processing techniques were used to fix thisWednesday, September 19, 201234TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
35. Examples: Artistic EffectsArtistic effects are used to make images more visually appealing, to add special effects and to make composite imagesWednesday, September 19, 201235TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
36. Examples: MedicineTake slice from MRI scan of canine heart, and find boundaries between types of tissueImage with gray levels representing tissue densityUse a suitable filter to highlight edgesOriginal MRI Image of a Dog HeartEdge Detection ImageImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201236TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
37. Examples: GISGeographic Information SystemsDigital image processing techniques are used extensively to manipulate satellite imageryTerrain classificationMeteorologyImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201237TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
38. Examples: GIS (cont…)Night-Time Lights of the World data setGlobal inventory of human settlementNot hard to imagine the kind of analysis that might be done using this dataImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201238TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
39. Examples: Industrial InspectionHuman operators are expensive, slow andunreliableMake machines do thejob insteadIndustrial vision systems are used in all kinds of industriesCan we trust them?Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201239TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
40. Examples: PCB InspectionPrinted Circuit Board (PCB) inspectionMachine inspection is used to determine that all components are present and that all solder joints are acceptableBoth conventional imaging and x-ray imaging are usedWednesday, September 19, 201240TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
41. Examples: Law EnforcementImage processing techniques are used extensively by law enforcersNumber plate recognition for speed cameras/automated toll systemsFingerprint recognitionEnhancement of CCTV imagesImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201241TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
42. Examples: HCITry to make human computer interfaces more naturalFace recognitionGesture recognitionDoes anyone remember the user interface from “Minority Report”?These tasks can be extremely difficultWednesday, September 19, 201242TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
43. Key Stages in Digital Image ProcessingWednesday, September 19, 201243TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
44. Key Stages in Digital Image ProcessingImage AcquisitionImage RestorationMorphological ProcessingSegmentationRepresentation & DescriptionImage EnhancementObject RecognitionProblem DomainColour Image ProcessingImage CompressionWednesday, September 19, 201244TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
45. Key Stages in DIP:Image AquisitionImage AcquisitionImage RestorationMorphological ProcessingSegmentationRepresentation & DescriptionImage EnhancementObject RecognitionProblem DomainColour Image ProcessingImage CompressionImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201245TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
46. Key Stages in DIP:Image EnhancementImage AcquisitionImage RestorationMorphological ProcessingSegmentationRepresentation & DescriptionImage EnhancementObject RecognitionProblem DomainColour Image ProcessingImage CompressionImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201246TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
47. Key Stages in DIP: Image RestorationImage AcquisitionImage RestorationMorphological ProcessingSegmentationRepresentation & DescriptionImage EnhancementObject RecognitionProblem DomainColour Image ProcessingImage CompressionImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201247TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
48. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:Morphological ProcessingImage AcquisitionImage RestorationMorphological ProcessingSegmentationRepresentation & DescriptionImage EnhancementObject RecognitionProblem DomainColour Image ProcessingImage CompressionImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201248TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
49. Key Stages in DIP: SegmentationImage AcquisitionImage RestorationMorphological ProcessingSegmentationRepresentation & DescriptionImage EnhancementObject RecognitionProblem DomainColour Image ProcessingImage CompressionImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201249TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
50. Key Stages in DIP: Object RecognitionImage AcquisitionImage RestorationMorphological ProcessingSegmentationRepresentation & DescriptionImage EnhancementObject RecognitionProblem DomainColour Image ProcessingImage CompressionImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201250TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
51. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:Representation & DescriptionImage AcquisitionImage RestorationMorphological ProcessingSegmentationRepresentation & DescriptionImage EnhancementObject RecognitionProblem DomainColour Image ProcessingImage CompressionImages taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)Wednesday, September 19, 201251TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
52. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:Image CompressionImage AcquisitionImage RestorationMorphological ProcessingSegmentationRepresentation & DescriptionImage EnhancementObject RecognitionProblem DomainColour Image ProcessingImage CompressionWednesday, September 19, 201252TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
53. Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:Colour Image ProcessingImage AcquisitionImage RestorationMorphological ProcessingSegmentationRepresentation & DescriptionImage EnhancementObject RecognitionProblem DomainColour Image ProcessingImage CompressionWednesday, September 19, 201253TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
54. PenutupAda beberapa hal yang harus dikuasai sebelum menguasai materi di dalam image processing yaitu : matematika, aljabar, pengolahan sinyal, matriks dan transformasi linier, statistik, Struktur Data dan algoritma pemrograman. Wednesday, September 19, 201254TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
55. Referensi slideBrian Mac Namee, Digital Image Processing : Introduction, www.com.dit.ie/bmacnameeNana Ramadijanti, Image Processing : Day-1, Laboratorium Computer Vision, PENS-ITS, SurabayaAchmad Basuki, Pengantar Pengolahan Citra, Laboratorium Computer Vision, PENS-ITS, SurabayaWednesday, September 19, 201255TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
56. Image Processing Mempelajari Apa?http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description1.htmlhttp://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description2.htmlhttp://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description3.htmlhttp://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description4.htmlWednesday, September 19, 201256TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
57. Image Processing Mempelajari Apa? (Contd.)http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description5.htmlhttp://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description6.htmlhttp://www.mathworks.com/products/image/description7.htmlWednesday, September 19, 201257TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
58. TERIMA KASIHWednesday, September 19, 201258TK 37404 Pengolahan Citra
59. INTRODUCTIONIn electrical engineering and computer science image processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an image, such as a photograph or video frame; the output of image processing may be either an image or, a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. Most image-processing techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard signal-processing techniques to it.Image processing usually refers to digital image processing, but optical and analog image processing also are possible. This article is about general techniques that apply to all of them. The acquisition of images (producing the input image in the first place) is referred to as imaging.
60. Definitions of Image Processing•The general term "image processing" refers to a computer discipline wherein digital images are the main data object. This type of processing can be broken down into several sub-categories, including: compression, image enhancement, image filtering, image distortion, image display and coloring.•Any activity that transforms an input image into an output image. Manipulation of an image to improve or change some quality of the image
61. This Process involves two aspectsImproving the visual appearance of images to a human viewer.Preparing images for measurement of the features and structures present.
62. Why do we need it……?Since the digital image is invisible it must prepare for viewing one or more output device. The digital image can be optimized for the application by enhancing or altering the appearance of the structures within it.It might be possible to analyze the image in the computer and provide clues to the radiologist to help direct important/suspicious structure.
63. Acquiring ImagesSince the digital image is invisible it must prepare for viewing one or more output device. The digital image can be optimized for the application by enhancing or altering the appearance of the structures within it.It might be possible to analyze the image in the computer and provide clues to the radiologist to help direct important/suspicious structure.
64. High ResolutionThe process of obtaining a high resolution (HR) image or a sequence of HR from a set of low resolution (LR) observation.HR technique has applied to a variety of fields such as obtaining.Improve still images.High definition television.High performance color liquid crystal display (LCD) screen.Video surveillance.Remote sensing andMedical imaging.
65. Color SpacesConversion from RGB (The brightness of individual red, green and green signal at defined wavelength) to YIQ/YUV and to other color encoding schemes is straightforward and losses no information.
66. Image Sensors Digital processing requires images to be obtained in the form of electrical signals. These signals can be digitized into sequence of numbers which can be processed by a computer.
67. Image Intensity Equalization using HistogramsImage intensity Equalization is the process of converting the given image into the desired manner using Histogram. In histogram equalization we are trying to maximize the image contrast by applying a gray level transform which tries to flatten the resulting histogram. The gray level transform is a scaled version of the original image's cumulative histogram. That is, the gray level transform T is given by T[i] = (G-1)c(i), where G is the number of gray levels and c(i) is the normalized cumulative histogram of the original image. When we want to specify a non-flat resulting histogram, we can use the following steps: Specify the desired histogram g(z) Obtain the transform which would equalize the specified histogram, Tg, and its inverse Tg-1 Get the transform which would histogram equalize the original image, s=T[i] Apply the inverse transform Tg-1 on the equalized image, that is z=Tg-1[s]
68. Input Image corresponding histogramOutput Image corresponding histogram
69. Multiple Images: It may constitute a series of views of the same area using different wavelength of light and other signals. Examples includes the image processed by satellites those images may require processing.Hardware Requirement: A general purpose computer can be used for image processing; four key demands must be methigh resolution image displaySufficient memory transfer bandwidth.Sufficient storage spaceSufficient computing power.
70. Software Requirements: Adobe Photoshop, Corel draw, Serif photo plus Mat lab etc.CONCLUSION: Adobe The Image processing is used to get/acquire image in a desired manner by using some of the software’s shown above without affecting its original input image and their may not be loos of data during the conversion process.