Lesson 171 State the function of the endocrine system and analyze associated terms Write the meanings of the word parts for the endocrine system and use them to build and analyze terms Define homeostasis and describe two ways in which the pituitary gland cooperates with the nervous system to m ID: 1033216
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1. Chapter 17 Endocrine System
2. Lesson 17.1State the function of the endocrine system and analyze associated terms.Write the meanings of the word parts for the endocrine system and use them to build and analyze terms.Define homeostasis and describe two ways in which the pituitary gland cooperates with the nervous system to maintain it.Write the names of the other glands of the endocrine system, describe their functions, and define the terms associated with these structures.Recognize the hormones associated with the major endocrine organs and their target organs or functions.
3. Terminology: Anatomy & Physiologyendocrine systemhomeostasisendocrine glands
4. Terminology: Anatomy & Physiology (cont.)glands, hormones (proteins or steroids)hypersecretion, hyposecretiontarget organ
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6. Modified from Thibodeau GA, Patton KT: Anatomy & physiology, ed 5, St Louis, 2003, Mosby.
7. Photomicrograph by Bodansky HJ: Pocket picture guide to diabetes, London, 1989, Gower Medical Publishing.
8. Word Parts: Anatomy & Physiologyaden(o) glandadren(o), adrenal(o) adrenal glandgonad(o) gonadmamm(o), mast(o) breast
9. Word Parts: Anatomy & Physiology (cont.)pancreat(o) pancreasparathyroid(o) parathyroid glandsthyr(o), thyroid(o) thyroid glandpituitar(o) pituitary gland
10. Pituitary = Master Gland
11. Hormones of the Neurohypophysis: Target Organsantidiuretic hormone: kidneysoxytocin: uterus, breasts
12. Hormones of the Adenohypophysis: Target Organsgrowth hormone/somatotropic hormone: all cellsmelanocyte-stimulating hormone: melanocytesgonadotropic hormones: gonadsfollicle-stimulating hormone: testes and ovariesluteinizing hormone: testes and ovariesinterstitial cell–stimulating hormone: testes
13. Hormones of the Adenohypophysis: Target Organs (cont.)thyroid-stimulating hormone: thyroid gland adrenocorticotropic hormone: adrenal cortexlactogenic hormone: mammary glands
14. Actions of Hormones on Target Organs These 3 hormones regulate metabolism, normal growth and development, and storage of calcium within bone:TSH: tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine (T4);triiodothyronine (T3); and Thyrocalcitonin.
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19. Other Endocrine Tissues and Hormones pineal gland: melatoninpancreas: insulin and glucagonparathyroid gland: parathyroid hormone (parathormone)
20. Pancreatic Hormones and Blood GlucoseFrom Herlihy B: The human body in health and illness, ed 3, 2007, St. Louis, Saunders.
21. Other Endocrine Tissues and Hormones (cont.)stomach lining: gastrinsmall intestinesthymus: thymosinheart: atriopeptinplacenta: human chorionic gonadotropinmost tissues: prostaglandins
22. Major Endocrine Glands and Their SecretionsGlandPrimary Secretionspituitary gland, anterior lobeACTH, FSH, GH, LH (ICSH), PRL, MSH, and TSHpituitary gland, posterior lobeADH and oxytocinadrenal glands, cortexaldosterone, cortisol, and androgensadrenal glands, medullaepinephrine and norepinephrinegonads, ovariesestrogen, progesterone, and HCGgonads, testestestosteronepancreas (islets of Langerhans)insulin and glucagonparathyroid glandsPTHthyroid glandthyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitoninpineal glandmelatonin and serotoninthymusthymosin
23. Quick Quiz!Which hormone is T3 and which gland secretes it? tetraiodothyronine, thymus triiodothyronine, thymus tetraiodothyronine, thyroid triiodothyronine, thyroid
24. Lesson 17.2Write the names of the diagnostic tests and procedures used for assessment of the endocrine system when given descriptions of the procedures, or match the procedures with their descriptions. Write the names of endocrine system pathologies when given their descriptions, or match the pathologies with their descriptions.Match the terms for endocrine system surgical and therapeutic interventions with their descriptions, or write the names of the interventions when given their descriptions.Use word parts from this chapter to determine meanings of terms to answer questions about the terms in a health care report.Spell the terms accurately.Pronounce the terms correctly.Write the meanings of the abbreviations.Categorize terms as anatomy, a diagnostic test or procedure, pathology, surgery, or therapy.
25. Word Parts: Functiontrop(o) to stimulate andr(o) male or masculinegluc(o) glucoseglyc(o), glycos(o) sugarinsulin(o) insulin
26. Word Parts: Function (cont.)calc(i) calciumiod(o) iodineket(o) ketonelact(o) milkgigant(o) large
27. Word Parts: Function (cont.)-crine secrete-dipsia thirst-physis growth-tropic stimulating-tropin that which stimulates
28. Thyroid Palpation, GoiterA From Thompson JM, Wilson SF: Health assessment for nursing practice, St Louis, 1996, Mosby.B From Swartz MH: Textbook of physical diagnosis, ed 5, Philadelphia, 2006, Saunders.
29. Diagnostic Tests and Procedurespalpation (thyroid and testicles)MRIblood and urine tests: GH, gonadotropins, pituitary hormones, TSH, thyroxine, T3radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and thyroid scans
30. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures (cont.)blood tests: PTH, calcium, phosphate, ACTH, adrenal hormones computed tomographyblood tests for pancreatic function:fasting blood sugaroral glucose tolerance testHb A1C = glycosylated hemoglobin
31. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures (cont.)urine studies for pancreatic function:glucose (glycosuria)ketones (ketonuria)
32. MammographyFrom Svane G, Potchen EJ, Sierra A, Azavedo E: Screening mammography, breast cancer diagnosis in asymptomatic women, St Louis, 1993, Mosby.
33. Biopsy of a Breast Mass
34. Terminology: Pathology adenopathyadenoma versus adenocarcinoma
35. Pituitary, Thyroid, and Parathyroid Disorders pituitary dysfunction:hyposecretion hypersecretiondiabetes insipidus (ADH deficiency)SIADH
36. From Zitelli BJ, Davis HW: Atlas of pediatric physical diagnosis, ed 5, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.
37. Terminology: Pathology (cont.)insufficient GH: dwarfism pituitary cachexia, cachexiahypopituitarismhyperpituitarism: gigantism, acromegaly
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39. Acromegaly From Mendeloff AI, Smith DE, eds: Acromegaly, diabetes, hypermetabolism, proteinuria and heart failure. Clin Pathol Conf Am J Med 20:133, 1956.
40. Terminology: Pathology (cont.)thyropathy, thyroiditishyperthyroidism, exophthalmos, goiter, Graves’ diseasethyrotoxicosishypothyroidism, cretinism, myxedema
41. From Ignatavicius DD, Workman ML, Mishler MA: Medical-surgical nursing across the health care continuum, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1999, Saunders.
42. Terminology: Pathology (cont.)hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcemiahyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemiapituitary hypogonadism
43. Terminology: Pathology (cont.)adrenal, pancreas, and breastadrenopathy, adrenomegalyhyperadrenalism: Cushing syndromeadrenogenital syndromehirsutism, gynecomastia, andropathyhypoadrenalism, adrenocortical, Addison disease
44. Cushing Syndrome
45. A From Hordinsky MK, Sawaya ME, Scher RK: Atlas of hair and nails, 2000, Churchill Livingstone.B From Evans A et al: Atlas of breast disease management, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
46. Terminology: Pathology (cont.)diabetes mellitus:resistance to insulindeficiency or lack of insulin secretion = hypoinsulinismsymptoms: hyperglycemia, polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria
47. Terminology: Pathology (cont.)types of diabetes: type Itype IIgestational diabetes mellitus
48. Terminology: Pathology (cont.)diabetic complications:diabetic nephropathydiabetic retinopathydiabetic neuropathyperipheral vascular diseaseFrom Belchez PE and Hammond P: Diabetes and Endocrinology, London, 2003, Mosby Ltd.
49. Terminology: Pathology (cont.)hyperinsulinism, hypoglycemia mammalgia, mastodynia, mastalgiafibrocystic breast diseasemastitismastocarcinoma
50. Terminology: Surgical & Therapeutic Interventionssurgery, hypophysectomyradiation, administration of deficient hormonessuppressive therapyradioactive materials, antithyroid drugs, thyroidectomyadrenalectomy
51. From Black JM, Hawks JH: Medical-surgical nursing, ed 7, 2005, Saunders.
52. Quick Quiz!Which word part means growth?-tropingigant(o)-physisandr(o)
53. Terminology: Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions (cont.)treatment of diabetesadministration of insulin: subcutaneous injection, insulin pumpproper dietexerciseglucose-lowering agent
54. From Monahan FD, Neighbors M: Medical-surgical nursing: foundations for clinical practice, ed 2, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders.
55. Terminology: Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions (cont.) administration of glucose for hypoglycemiatreatment of breast cancer:lumpectomy, mastectomychemotherapy, radiation therapyhormone manipulationmastopexy, mammoplasty, augmentation or reduction mammoplasty
56. From Beare PG, Myers JL: Adult health nursing, ed 3, 1998, Mosby.
57. Critical Thinking Questions1. If the neurohypophysis releases too much ADH, what happens?2. In what instances does the neurohypophysis release more oxytocin?3. If too much ACTH is released into the bloodstream, what happens?4. When does the neurohypophysis naturally increase the amount of FSH and LH?
58. Critical Thinking Questions (cont.)5. When does the neurohypophysis naturally increase the amount of prolactin in females?6. What effect would increased TSH cause?7. What effect could increased MSH have?8. What effect does increased STH have?
59. AbbreviationsACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormoneADH Antidiuretic hormoneGH Growth hormoneMSH Melanocyte-stimulating hormoneSIADH Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretionSTH Somatotropic hormonePTH Parathormone (parathyroid hormone)
60. Abbreviations (cont.)FSH Follicle-stimulating hormoneISCH Interstitial cell hormoneLH Luteinizing hormoneHCG or hCG Human chorionic gonadotropinPRL Prolactin
61. Quick Quiz!Which abbreviation refers to a type of diabetes that occurs only during pregnancy? GTT PVD GDM TCT
62. Abbreviations (cont.)DM Diabetes mellitusIDDM Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitusNIDDM Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitusFBS Fasting blood sugarGDM Gestational diabetes mellitusGTT Glucose tolerance testHb A1C Glycosylated hemoglobinPVD Peripheral vascular disease
63. Abbreviations (cont.)RAIU Radioactive iodine uptake131I Radioactive iodineTCT ThyrocalcitoninTSH Thyroid-stimulating hormoneT3 TriiodothyronineT4 Thyroxine