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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Social psychology: the study of how we think about (thoughts), feel SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Social psychology: the study of how we think about (thoughts), feel

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Social psychology: the study of how we think about (thoughts), feel - PowerPoint Presentation

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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Social psychology: the study of how we think about (thoughts), feel - PPT Presentation

social psychologists are interested how the social contextsituation affects the individual FORMING IMPRESSIONS Person perception refers to the process of forming impressions of other people based on factors such as physical appearance and stereotypes ID: 780679

impressions attribution people forming attribution impressions forming people behavior prejudice stereotypes social attributions ingroup situational blame world group thinks

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Presentation Transcript

Slide1

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Social psychology: the study of how we think about (thoughts), feel towards (emotion), and influence and relate (behavior) to one another → social psychologists are interested how the social context/situation affects the individual

Slide2

FORMING IMPRESSIONS

Person perception refers to the process of forming impressions of other people based on factors such as physical appearance and stereotypes → unsurprisingly, our impressions of others are often distorted (yet we still rely on them!?!)

Slide3

FORMING IMPRESSIONS

In general, we tend to see physically attractive people as having both desirable personality characteristics AND more competence (though no correlation exists) → in contrast, we are capable of making more accurate observations based on mere snippets of nonverbal expressiveness

Slide4

OCCUPATIONAL STEREOTYPE

1. ______________________________ are obese, uneducated, and “awake”.

Slide5

OCCUPATIONAL STEREOTYPE

2. ______________________________ are quiet, intellectual, and proper.

Slide6

OCCUPATIONAL STEREOTYPE

3. _________________________ are stylish, smart and worthy of excessive praise and compensation.

Slide7

FORMING IMPRESSIONS

Also affecting person perception, stereotypes are overgeneralized BELIEFS about a group of people, such as an age, gender, ethnic/racial, or occupational group → even those aware of diversity within groups are often swayed by the ease of falling back on stereotypes in judging individuals

Slide8

FORMING IMPRESSIONS

→ our person perceptions are subjective; we see what we expect to see and selectively recall how often (illusory correlation) we see it and what we remember

→ the end result being that stereotypes are resistant to change

Slide9

FORMING IMPRESSIONS

Stereotypes play a huge role in creating prejudice: a negative ATTITUDE held toward members of a group (as opposed to discrimination, which refers to BEHAVIOR) → social roots of prejudice: the just-world phenomenon says that people believe the world is fair and people get what they deserve

Slide10

FORMING IMPRESSIONS

→ emotional roots of prejudice: the scapegoat theory states that negative emotions are given an outlet by blaming someone else

Slide11

FORMING IMPRESSIONS

→ cognitive roots of prejudice: we categorize those different from us; the other-race effect is the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race easier than those of other races (making stereotypes easier to sustain)

Slide12

FORMING IMPRESSIONS

Evolutionary psychologists believe we are programmed to instantly differentiate between friend or foe → those in our ingroup

(‘us’) we share a common identity with; those in our outgroup (‘them’) we perceive as different from our

ingroup

Slide13

FORMING IMPRESSIONS

→ ingroup bias leads us to favor our own group, predisposing prejudice against strangers (even when groups are created arbitrarily and especially when in pursuit of scarce resources)

Slide14

FORMING IMPRESSIONS

→ furthermore, when our social identity (ingroup) is threatened, we may respond by showing prejudice (

ingroup

favoritism/ outgroup degradation) to restore self-esteem

Slide15

ATTRIBUTION THEORY

We have a strong desire to understand and explain our experiences, therefore we make attributions about ourselves and others → attributions are explanations that people make about the causes of events, their own, and others’ behavior

Slide16

ATTRIBUTION THEORY

Fritz Heider proposed two types of attributions, within or outside a person:1) Internal (dispositional) attributions describe behavior as caused by stable, enduring personal traits

2) External (situational) attributions describe behavior as caused by the demands/constraints of the environment

Slide17

ATTRIBUTION ERRORS

Since making attributions involves guesswork based (to a degree) on personal biases, they are often inaccurate → the fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency for observers to underestimate situational factors and overestimate dispositional factors in explaining others behavior

Slide18

ATTRIBUTION ERRORS

→ it is easy to blame others’ behavior on their disposition and much more difficult to be aware of and/or think about situational factors (fueling stereotypes/prejudice)

Slide19

ATTRIBUTION ERRORS

→ thus, we generally blame the situation for our own poor behavior, while an observer would blame our personal qualities

* This is consistent with the idea of self-serving bias: our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably and take more responsibility for our successes than for our failures

Slide20

ATTRIBUTION ERRORS

Defensive attribution (basically the just-world phenomenon) refers to the tendency to blame victims for their misfortune → this shields us from believing we will suffer similar misfortunes while also portraying victims in a negative light (fueling stereotypes/prejudice)

Slide21

CULTURE AND ATTRIBUTION

Research suggests that more collectivist cultures (putting the group in front of the individual) such as found in Asia, are less likely to make the fundamental attribution error → it is more common in individualistic cultures (hey, that’s

u.s.

!) where individuals are more autonomous

Slide22

ATTRIBUTION

Match the following with the correct situation: External (Situational) Attribution, Internal (Dispositional) Attribution, Fundamental Attribution Error, Self-Serving Bias, Just World Phenomenon1. Skippy believes that his girlfriend is mad at him because she bombed her math test.

2. Larry doesn’t have much sympathy for the homeless people he passes on the streets because he thinks they probably got what they deserved.

3. Cynthia is the first to turn in her test. She finished quickly because she studied hard, but her teacher thinks she didn’t study and therefore didn’t even try.

4. Annabelle thinks her teacher is a meanie because he yelled at the class on the first day of school.

5. Little Johnny believed he aced his test in English because he has mastered the subject, but blames his psychology teacher for his poor test scores in that subject.

Slide23

ATTRIBUTION

Match the following with the correct situation: External (Situational) Attribution, Internal (Dispositional) Attribution, Fundamental Attribution Error, Self-Serving Bias, Just World Phenomenon1. People in collectivist societies are much less likely to make the __________________ about others’ behavior than those from individualistic societies.

2. Most of the people in the crowd understood that the coach had had a long week…no, make that month…wait, make that year…and didn’t blame him for yelling at the referee.

3. It was your fault your car got broken into at Target, you left your phone on the front seat.

4.

Annabelle thinks her teacher is a meanie because

he yelled at the class on the first day of school, but she didn’t know that his wife had just left him and his car had broken down the day before.

5. The star basketball player always took credit for

the team’s

wins, but it was obviously the rest of the team’s

fault when they lost.