An Introduction to Human Geography Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed Origin and diffusion of English English is spoken by 328 million as a first language EnglishSpeaking Countries ID: 782889
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Slide1
Chapter 5: Language
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography
Slide2Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?
Origin and diffusion of English
English is spoken by 328 million as a first language
Slide3English-Speaking Countries
Figure 5-2
Slide4Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?
Origin and diffusion of English
English colonies
Origins of English
German invasions
Norman invasions
Figure 5-3
Slide5Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?
Dialects of English
Dialect = a regional variation of a language
Isogloss = a word-usage boundary
Standard language = a well-established dialect
Slide6Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?
Dialects of English
Dialects
In England
Differences between British & American English
Figure 5-5
Slide7Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?
Dialects of English
Dialects in the US
Settlement in eastern US
Current differences in the eastern USPronunciation differences
Figure 5-7
Slide8Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?
Slide9Soft Drink Differences
Figure 5-8
http://popvssoda.com:2998/
Slide10Why Is English Related to Other Languages?
Indo-European branches
Language branch
Collection of related languages
8 branches4 have many speakers:GermanicIndo-Iranian
Balto-SlavicRomance
Slide11Branches of the Indo-European Family
Figure 5-9
Slide12Why Is English Related to Other Languages?
Indo-European branches
Germanic
German invasion of England 1500 years ago
WestMost similar to EnglishHighLow
NorthScandinavia
Figure 5-10
Slide13Why Is English Related to Other Languages?
Indo-European branches
Indo-Iranian
Most speakers
Over 100 languages2 Groups:Indic (Eastern)Hindi
Iranian (Western)
Figure 5-11
Slide14Why Is English Related to Other Languages?
Indo-European branches
Balto-Slavic
East Slavic & Baltic
Most widely usedRussianWest Slavic & South SlavicCzechoslovakia
Polish, Czech, SlavicHostility between Bosnians, Croats, Serbs3 distinct languages
Slide15Why Is English Related to Other Languages?
Indo-European branches
Romance
Latin origin
Spanish, Portuguese, French, ItalianMountainsRomance Language DialectsFrancien
Castilian
Slide16Romance Branch
Figure 5-12
Slide17Why Is English Related to Other Languages?
Indo-European branches
2 distinct languages or 2 dialects of the same language?
Creole
Mix of colonizer’s language & indigenous language
Slide18Why Is English Related to Other Languages?
Origin and diffusion of Indo-European
A “Proto-Indo-European” language?
Internal evidence
Slide19Nomadic Warrior Theory
Figure 5-14
Kurgans
4300
BC
Nomadic herders of horses & cattle
Searched for grasslands
Slide20Sedentary Farmer Theory
Figure 5-15
Lived more than 2000 years before Kurgans
Language spread through agricultural practices
Slide21Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?
Classification of languages
Indo-European = largest language family
46% of the world’s population speak an Indo-European language
Slide22Language Family Tree
Figure 5-17
Slide23Language Families
Figure 5-16
Slide24Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?
Classification of languages
Sino-Tibetan = 2
nd largest language family
21% of the world’s population speaks a Sino-Tibetan languageMandarin:
most used language in the worldIdeograms
Slide25Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?
Languages of East and Southeast Asia
Austronesian
Indonesia
Javanese = most widely spokenAusto-Asiatic
Vietnamese = most widely spokenJapaneseUses phonetic symbols like Western languages
Korean
Slide26Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?
Languages of the Middle East and Central Asia
Afro-Asiatic
Arabic = most widely
spokenAltaicTurkish = most widely spoken
UralicEstonian, Hungarian, and Finnish
Slide27Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?
African language families
Extensive linguistic diversity
1,000 distinct languages & thousands of dialects
Figure 5-19
Slide28Where Are Other Language Families Distributed?
African language families
Niger-Congo
95% of sub-Saharan Africans speak a Niger-Congo language
Nilo-SaharanKhoisan “Click” languages
San Bushmen
Figure 5-20
Slide29Why Do People Preserve Languages?
Preserving language diversity
Extinct languages
473 “endangered” languages today
ExamplesReviving extinct languages: Hebrew
Preserving endangered languages: Celtic
Slide30Why Do People Preserve Languages?
Preserving language diversity
Multilingual states
Walloons & Flemings in Belgium
Isolated languagesBasque
Icelandic
Figure 5-23
Slide31Why Do People Preserve Languages?
Global dominance of English
English: example of a lingua franca
Lingua franca = an international language
Pidgin language = a simplified version of a languageExpansion diffusionEbonics
Job opening
Slide32Why Do People Preserve Languages?
Global dominance of English
Diffusion to other languages
Franglais
French Academy (1635) = arbiter of French languageSpanglishDenglish
Slide33The End.