You would have to eat your body weight if you needed to completely regenerate the ATP for your body BUT Enzymes Chemical Reactions are represented by chemical equations During chemical reactions valence electrons of atoms or compounds are rearranged to form a new substance with new propertie ID: 920556
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Slide1
How can 50 grams of ATP supply enough energy to our body to fuel us for the day?
You would have to eat your body weight if you needed to completely regenerate the ATP for your body
BUT
Slide2Enzymes
Slide3Chemical Reactions are represented by chemical equations. During chemical reactions, valence electrons of atoms or compounds are rearranged to form a new substance with new properties.
The molecules or atoms at the beginning of a chemical reaction are called the reactants. The materials produced by the chemical reaction are called products. 2H2 + O2
2H
2
O
Reactants Product
Some chemical reactions build compounds, others break down compounds or rearrange them.
All chemical reactions represent conversions of matter
Slide4Laws of Conservation of Matter & Energy
Matter and Energy cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions, ButMatter & Energy can be converted from one form to another during chemical reactions. HOWEVER,during every matter or energy conversion, some energy is transformed into heat/thermal energy.
Slide5The laws of conservation of matter & energy are obeyed by Biosphere (the combination of all Earth’s ecosystems).
Energy flows through the biosphere, entering it as light energy & leaving as heat energy.Matter cycles within the biosphere so that all atoms on earth have been recycled over and over for 4.5 billion years!
Why does all energy leave the biosphere as heat? --
During every conversion of matter or energy, some of the energy is converted to heat energy.
--Organisms can not use heat as a source of energy to do cell work; they use ATP!
Slide6What is photosynthesis?
The process used by photo (light)autotrophs (self-feeders) to convert light energy into chemical potential energy through the formation of glucose sugar.Balanced chemical equation6CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy
C
6
H
12
O6
+ 6O2
Slide7Metabolism
All of the energy and matter conversions that occur within an organism, including every chemical reaction.
Slide8Introduction to energy—Miller & Levine Section 8.1 & page 253
Learning goals: SWBAT Understand4 The relationship between photosynthesis and cell respiration.Lev 2 label a diagram showing the interdependenceLev 2 write the balanced chemical equations & identify reactants & productsLev 2 Describe ATP and ADP and their roles in metabolismLev 3 Explain why cells need ATP for metabolismLevel 2: DefineCarbohydrateChloroplast
Mitochondria
Photosynthesis
Cell respiration
ATP
ADPMetabolism
Slide9Introduction to energy—Miller & Levine Section 8.1 & page 253
Learning goals: SWBAT UnderstandThe laws of conservation of matter and energy as they relate to cell metabolism.Level 2: DefineEnergycalorie MetabolismLaw of conservation of matterLaw of conservation of energyReactants & Products of a chemical equation
Slide1010/22/15
QOD: How is ADP interrelated to ATP?LGs: 1.) Describe the job of an enzyme.2.) Describe how enzymes do their job.3.) Describe what can affect how enzymes do their job.HW: RAD Guide
Slide11Introduction to Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysts - speed up chemical reactions.Enzymes- speed
up
chemical reactions in living things.
Slide12Chemical Reactions
In order for chemical reactions to take place, enzymes must be present to help speed up the reaction.Chemical bonds connect atoms to make molecules.Chemical reactions can do two things:They can join atoms to
make
molecules.
They can
break
bonds in molecules. The sum of all the chemical reactions that take place within a cell is referred to as the cell’s metabolism.
Slide13Energy-Absorbing vs. Energy-Releasing Reactions
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Endothermic Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Slide14How Enzymes Work
Lower activation energyEnergy that is needed to start a chemical reaction Puts substrates in a good position to make/break bonds with each other
Slide15Reaction with enzyme vs. Reaction without enzyme
Slide16Enzymes lower activation energy
Slide17The molecules or atoms at the beginning of a chemical reactions are called ______.
EnzymesReactantsProductsActive sites
Slide18Chemical reactions in which the products have more energy than the reactants are called _________ reactions.
Energy-ReleasingEnergy-Absorbing
Slide19Which graph illustrates an energy-releasing reaction?
Graph AGraph B
Slide20Structure and Function of Enzymes
A substrate is the molecule that the enzyme changes.It is the reactant in a chemical reaction Each enzyme has an active site which is the place where the enzyme and substrate attach.
Slide21Structure and Function of Enzymes
During a chemical reaction, the enzyme helps the reactant turn into product, however, the enzyme is not changed. Enzymes can be used over and over again.
Reactant/Substrate
Product
Enzyme
No change in the shape of
enzyme/ready to catalyze next reaction.
Active Site
Slide22Enzyme Specificity
The diagram below shows the lock and key model of how enzymes work on a specific substrate.Just like every lock has one type of key that opens it, every substrate has one type of enzyme that works on it.
Slide23Enzyme Naming
Therefore you need thousands of different enzymes for the thousands of different chemical reactions in your body. The names of many enzymes (Amylase, Lipase, Peps
in
,
Tryps
in
) usually end in ase or in.
Slide24Enzyme Naming
Enzymes are very specific. This means that their names can be connected to their substrate. For example:1. Maltase only breaks down maltose (a carbohydrate).2. Lipase only works on certain lipids. 3. Prote
ase
only works on certain
proteins
.
Again, the root of the enzyme name (malt, lip, prot) refers to the substrate. The ending of the name is always “ase” or “in.”
Slide25Enzymes are specific types of which biological macromolecule?
CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsNucleic acids
Slide26The molecule on which an enzyme acts:
CatalystSubstrateMetabolismHomeostasis
Slide27Which shape is the enzyme?
ABCD
A
A
A
B
C
D
D
Slide28Which shape is the product of the chemical reaction shown below?
ABCD
A
A
A
B
C
D
D
Slide29The energy that is required to start a chemical reaction is called
Endothermic energyExothermic energyEnzyme energyActivation energy
Slide30How do catalysts speed up or facilitate chemical reactions?
Lower the activation energyAdd energy to the reactionBreak hydrogen bonds in the chemicalsDecrease the number of reactants
Slide31Enzymes and Their Environment
Most cells function best within a narrow range of temperature and pH. At very low temperatures, enzymes work too slow.
Slide32Enzymes and Their Environment
At high temperatures or extremes of pH the enzymes lose their shape.What would happen if a key lost its shape? It wouldn’t turn or fit in the hole. What will happen if an enzyme lost its shape?It wouldn’t recognize or bind with it’s substrate.
Slide33Enzymes and Their Environment
When an enzyme loses its shape and can no longer work correctly, it has been denatured.
Slide34Enzymes stop functioning if:
They act on a substrateThey become denatured due to improper pH or temperatureThey catalyze too many reactionsThey bind with the wrong substrate
Slide35When proteins, such as enzymes, lose their specific shape they have become __________.
PassiveEndothermicExothermicDenatured
Slide36What is the optimum pH for the enzyme pepsin?
12.556.5
pepsin
trypsin
Slide37Introduction to Macromolecules
Slide38Building Macromolecules
Polymer – large biomolecules made by linking together a large number of the same type of subunit Monomer- small molecule that is a subunit of a polymer (building blocks)Chemical reactions link monomers together to build polymers or break down polymers into monomersEnzymes help speed up these reactions!!
Slide39Organic Macromolecules (Polymers)
MONOMERPOLYMERAmino AcidProteinSugar(monosaccharide)Carbohydrate
(polysaccharide)
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acid
Slide40Polymers are large biomolecules made of repeated subunits called
EnzymesSugarsMonomersProteins
Slide41Proteins are polymers made of monomers called
MonosaccharidesFatty acidsAmino acidsnucleotides
Slide422009-2010
Chemical Energy in the form a cell can use: ATP
ATP
Slide43Energy needs of life
All organisms need energy. What do we need energy for?synthesis (building for growth)reproductionactive transportmovementtemperature control (making heat)
Slide44Where do we get energy?
Energy is stored in organic moleculescarbohydrates, fats, proteinsAnimals eat these organic molecules fooddigest food to getfuels for energy (ATP)raw materials for building more moleculescarbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
ATP
Slide452009-2010
ATPWhat is energy in biology?
Whoa
!
HOT
stuff
!
Adenosine
Tri
Phosphate
Slide46Harvesting energy stored in food
Cellular respirationbreaking down food to produce ATPin mitochondriausing oxygen“aerobic” respirationusually digesting glucose
but could be other sugars,
fats, or proteins
C
6
H
12
O
6
6O2
ATP
6CO
2
6H
2
O
+
+
+
glucose
+
oxygen
energy
+
carbon
+
water
dioxide
O
2
food
ATP
Slide47Can’t store ATP
too unstableonly used in cell that produces itonly short term energy storage
Using ATP to do work?
A working muscle recycles over
10 million ATPs per second
ATP
ADP
work
Whoa
!
Pass me the
glucose & oxygen
!
Adenosine
Di
Phosphate
Adenosine
Tri
Phosphate