Module 71 Behavior Cognitive and Group Therapies Learning Targets 711 Analyze how the basic assumption of behavior therapy differs from the assumptions of psychodynamic and humanistic therapies and examine the techniques used in ID: 911192
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Slide1
Unit 13Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
Slide2Module 71
Behavior, Cognitive, and Group Therapies
Learning Targets
71-1
Analyze how the basic assumption of behavior therapy differs from the assumptions of
psychodynamic
and humanistic therapies, and examine the techniques used in
exposure therapies
and
aversive conditioning.
71-2
Describe the main premise of therapy based on operant conditioning principles, and contrast the views of its proponents and critics.
71-3
Discuss the goals and techniques of the cognitive therapies and of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
71-4
Discuss the aims and benefits of
group therapy
and
family therapy
.
Slide3How does behavior therapy differ from psychodynamic and humanistic therapy?
The psychodynamic and humanistic therapies, the insight therapies, expect people’s problems to diminish as they gain insight into their unresolved
and unconscious tensions and as people get in touch with their feelings.
Rather than delving deeply below the surface looking for inner causes, behavior therapists assume that problem behaviors are the problems.
If maladaptive symptoms are learned behaviors, why not apply learning principles to replace them with new, constructive behaviors?
Slide4Analyzing cartoonsHow does the cartoon depict the differences between psychoanalytic and behavior therapy?
Slide5How can maladaptive behaviors be learned?As Pavlov and others showed, welearn various behaviors and emotions through classical conditioning. If we’re attacked by a dog, we may thereafter have a conditioned involuntary fear response when other dogs approach. (Our fear generalizes, and all dogs become conditioned stimuli.)
So, if phobias, anxiety and perhaps depression can be learned…. can they be unlearned?
Slide6Label the components of the classically conditioned phobia.If we are attacked by a dog, we may thereafter have a conditioned fear response when other dogs approach.
What is the UCS (US), UCR (UR), NS, CS and CR?
Slide7What is counterconditioning?behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors;include
exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
Pairing the fear-provoking stimulus with new, positive responses, can change the behavior.
Slide8What are exposure therapies?behavioral techniques, such as systematic
desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations)
to the things they fear and avoidThese therapies, in a variety of ways, try to change people’s reactions by repeatedly exposing them to
stimuli that trigger unwanted reactions. With repeated exposure to what they normally avoid or escape, people adapt.
Slide9What is systematic desensitization?a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing
anxiety- triggering stimuli
Behavior therapists utilizing the tool of systematic desensitization might have an anxious patient develop an anxiety hierarchy of stimuli that are causing fear and help the patient to work through each step on the hierarchy, getting closer and closer to the fear-producing stimulus. At each level of the hierarchy relaxation methods are practiced until the client is calm at that level of exposure.
Slide10How does systematic desensitization work?For instance, a person with a phobia of flying may first learn to relax when looking at airline sale ads in the paper, then learn to relax when driving by an airport.
The therapist may then have the patient visit a museum of aircraft and work on relaxation techniques. As each new level or step of fear is mastered with relaxation, the patient soon attempts to sit on a plane or fly on a plane.
Slide11What is virtual reality exposure therapy?
a counterconditioningtechnique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.
Slide12How does virtual reality exposure therapy work?Safe in a room with the therapist, the patient dons virtual reality goggles.
People see vivid simulations of feared stimuli, such as walking across a rickety bridge high off the ground.
Slide13What is aversive conditioning?a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an
unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
Aversive conditioning procedure is simple: It associates the unwanted behavior with unpleasant feelings. For example, to treat nail biting, the therapist may suggest painting the fingernails with a nasty-tasting nail polish. (Baskind, 1997)
Slide14How does aversion therapy work?After repeatedly drinking alcohol mixed with a drug that produces severe nausea, some people with a history of alcohol use disorder develop at least a temporary conditioned aversion to alcohol.
Slide15PracticeCan you label the parts of the classical conditioning example in the image above?
Slide16What is behavior modification?reinforcing behaviors considered desirable, and failing to reinforce—or sometimes punishing—behaviors considered undesirable
Therapists practicing
behavior modification use operant conditioning principles such as giving positive reinforcement to shape wanted behavior and Using punishment to decrease unwanted behavior. In a step-by-step manner, they rewarded closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Slide17What research has been conducted on behavior modification?One study worked with 19 withdrawn,uncommunicative 3-year-olds with
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).For two years, 40 hours each week, the children’sparents attempted to shape their behavior.
They positively reinforced desired behaviors and ignored or punished aggressive and self-abusive behaviors.
Slide18What were the results of the study?The combination worked wonders for some children. By first grade, 9 of the 19 were functioning successfully in school and exhibiting normal intelligence.
In a group of 40 comparable children notundergoing this effortful treatment, only one showed similar improvement. (
Lovaas, 1987)
Slide19What is a token economy?an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token (a chip, stamp or other non-monetary item) for exhibiting a desired behavior and
can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats
For instance, when people display a desired behavior, such as getting out of bed, washing, dressing, eating, talking coherently, cleaning up their rooms, or playing cooperatively, they receive a token or plastic coin. Later, they can exchange a number of these tokens for rewards, such as candy, TV time, day trips, or better
living quarters.
Slide201. What Would You Answer?For every five assignments they complete, Senorita Vale gives her students one “Homework Puntos
.” They can use those passes to opt out of future assignments. She is making use of a technique known asA. family therapy.B. systematic desensitization.
C. exposure therapy.D. REBT.E. a token economy.
Slide21What are two criticisms of behavior modification?How durable are the behaviors? Will people become so dependent on extrinsic rewards that the desired behaviors will stop when
reinforcers stop?
Is it right for one human to control another’s behavior? Those who set up token economiesdeprive people of something they desire and decide which behaviors to reinforce. To critics, this whole process feels too authoritarian.
Slide22Tie it inHave you had any experience with behavior therapy techniques in your own life, perhaps to eliminate some childhood behavior problem or to shape some good behavior? Were they effective?
How has your behavior been modified? By friends? By parents? By teachers?
Slide23What is cognitive therapy?therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughtsintervene between events and our emotional reactions
The
cognitive therapies assume that our thinking colors our feelings. Between an event and our response lies the mind. Self-blaming and overgeneralized explanationsof bad events feed depression. Anxiety arises from an “attention bias to threat.”
(MacLeod & Clarke, 2015)
Slide24What is the cognitive perspective on psychological disorders?
The person’s emotional reactions are produced not directly by the event but by the person’sthoughts in response to the event.
Slide25What is rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?a confrontational cognitive therapy, developedby Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and
assumptionsAccording to Albert Ellis, the creator of
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), many problems arise from irrational thinking.
Slide26applying your knowledge“ Life does not consist mainly, oreven largely, of facts and happenings.It consists mainly of the storm ofthoughts that are forever blowing
through one’s mind.” ~Mark Twain, 1835–1910
In what way does Mark Twain’s quote support the cognitive perspective of psychological disorders?
Slide27How has Aaron Beck contributed to the field?In the late 1960s, a woman left a party early. Things had not gone well. She felt disconnected from the other party-goers and assumed no one cared for her. A few days later, she visited cognitive therapist Aaron Beck who challenged her thinking.
After she then listed a dozen people who did
care for her, Beck realized that challenging people’s automatic negative thoughts could be therapeutic. Beck’s cognitive therapy assumes that changing people’s thinking can change their functioning. (Spiegel, 2015)
Slide28What is catastrophizing?Perhaps you can identify with the anxious students who, before a test, make matters worse with self-defeating thoughts: “This test’s probably going to be impossible. Everyone seems so relaxed and confident. I wish I were better prepared. I’m so nervous I’ll forget everything
.”
Psychologists call this sort of relentless,overgeneralized, self-blaming behavior catastrophizing.
Slide29What are some cognitive therapy techniques?
Slide302. What Would You Answer?Dr. Welle tries to help her clients by teaching them
to modify the way they think when under stress orexperiencing symptoms. This means that Dr. Welle
engages in __________ therapy.A. behaviorB. cognitiveC. groupD. humanistic therapyE. client-centered
Slide31What is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)? a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitivetherapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
takes a combined approach to depression and other disorders.This widely practiced integrative therapy aims to alter not only the way people think but also the way they act.
Slide323. What Would You Answer?Jayne has been diagnosed with depression. Her therapist suggested that she get out and interact with her friends more, and that she not allow herself to worry about whether her friends want to be around her. Jayne’s therapist is using what type of approach to treat her depression?
A. Cognitive-behavioral therapyB. Group therapy
C. Rational-emotive behavior therapyD. Behavior modificationE. Systematic desensitization
Slide33How do cognitive therapists help people with eating disorders?Cognitive therapists guide people toward new ways of explaining their good and bad experiences. By recording positive events and how she has enabled them, this woman may become more mindful of her self-control and more optimistic.
Slide34What is group therapy?therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction
Slide35What is family therapy?
therapy that treats people in the context of their family system and views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
Slide36What are the benefits of group and family therapy?group therapy
helps more people and costs less per person than individual therapy
learning that others have similar problemsgetting feedback on new ways of behaving
family therapy
help family members identify their roles within the family’s social system
improve communication
discover new ways of preventing or resolving conflicts
Slide37What are self-help groups?More than 100 million Americans have belonged to small religious, interest, or support groups that meet regularly—with 9 in 10 reporting that group members “support each other emotionally.” (Gallup, 1994)
In an individualist age, with more and more people living alone or feeling isolated, the popularity of support groups—for the addicted, the bereaved, the divorced, or simply those seeking fellowship and growth—may reflect a longing for community and connectedness.
Slide38Comparing modern psychotherapies.
Slide394. What Would You Answer?Explain a possible treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder from each of the following types of therapy:
Group therapy
Cognitive therapyBehavioral therapy
Slide40Learning Target 71-1 Review
Analyze how the basic assumption of
behavior therapy differs from the assumptions of psychodynamic and humanistic therapies, and examine the techniques used in exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
Behavior therapies are not insight therapies. Their goal is to apply learning principles to modify problem behaviors.
Slide41Learning Target 71-1 Review cont.
Analyze how the basic assumption of
behavior therapy differs from the assumptions of psychodynamic and humanistic therapies, and examine the techniques used in exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
Classical conditioning techniques, including exposure
therapies
(such as
systematic desensitization
or
virtual reality exposure therapy) and aversive conditioning, attempt to change behaviors through counterconditioning
—evoking new responses to old stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.
Slide42Learning Target 71-2 Review
Describe the main premise of therapy
based on operant conditioning principles.
Therapy based on operant conditioning principles uses behavior modification techniques to change unwanted behaviors through positively reinforcing desired behaviors and ignoring or punishing undesirable behaviors.
Slide43Learning Target 71-2 Review cont.
Describe the main premise of therapy
based on operant conditioning principles, and contrast the views of its proponents and critics.
Critics maintain that (1) techniques such as those used in
token economies
may produce behavior changes that disappear when rewards end, and (2) deciding which behaviors should change is authoritarian and unethical.
Proponents argue that treatment with positive rewards is more humane than punishing people or institutionalizing them for undesired behaviors.
Slide44Learning Target 71-3 Review
Discuss the goals and techniques of the
cognitive therapies and of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
The cognitive therapies, such as Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy for depression, assume that our thinking influences our feelings, and that the therapist’s role is to change clients’ self-defeating thinking by training them to perceive and interpret events in more constructive ways.
Slide45Learning Target 71-3 Review cont.
Discuss the goals and techniques of the
cognitive therapies and of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a confrontational cognitive therapy that actively challenges irrational beliefs.
The widely researched and practiced
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy by helping clients regularly try out their new ways of thinking and acting in their everyday life.
Slide46Learning Target 71-4 Review
Discuss the aims and benefits of
group and family therapies.
Group therapy sessions can help more people and costs less per person than individual therapy would. Clients may benefit from exploring feelings and developing social skills in a group situation, from learning that others have similar problems, and from getting feedback on new ways of behaving.
Family therapy
views a family as an interactive system. It attempts to help members discover the roles they play and learn to communicate more openly and directly.