States of Consciousness Sleep Dreams Hypnosis and Drugs What is consciousness The state of awareness of ones feelings sensations ideas and perceptions What is an altered state of Consciousness ID: 219154
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Altered" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Altered States of Consciousness
Sleep, Dreams, Hypnosis, and DrugsSlide2
What is consciousness?
The state
of
awareness
of one’s feelings, sensations, ideas and perceptions.Slide3
What is an altered state of Consciousness?
Consciousness is a continuum ranging from alertness to unconsciousness.
Altered states of consciousness include sleep, hypnosis, inebriation,
daydreaming, and meditation.Slide4
Sleep – the most common Altered State
Scientists are not sure exactly
why we must sleep, but possibly for…
Protection
Evolutionary – rest during the night to avoid dangers
Recuperation
body and
brain – muscles and neurons
Memory
Shed unimportant info, strengthen important info
GrowthGrowth hormone – babies sleep moreSlide5
What happens as you go to sleep?
Your body temperature drops.
Your pulse rate drops
Your breathing becomes shallow
You will enter into 5 stages of sleep
90 minutesSlide6
Stage 1
Slowed breathing, irregular brain waves (typical of unremembered moments)
Hallucinations
– sensory experiences that occur without sensory stimuli
feeling of free falling to be awoken by a jerkSlide7
Stage 2
20 minutes into sleep cyclePeriodic appearance of sleep spindles (bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity)Slide8
Stage 3
Lasts only several minutes
Begin to produce large
delta waves
– the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleepHard to awakenSlide9
Stage 4
Combined with stage 3 to last about 30 minutesDelta waves – deep sleep
Hard to awaken
At the end, sleepwalking or wetting the bed may occurSlide10
REM Sleep
REM sleep – rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur
Occurs about an hour into sleep cycles
Ascend through stages 3 and 2 from stage 4
Sharp, short brain waves – look like waves of stage 1Slide11
REM Sleep
Heart rate rises, breathing quickens and becomes irregular, eyes dart around behind the lids
Motor cortex is active, but blocks movement messages – essentially paralyzed – paradoxical sleep
Hard to awaken
Gets longer throughout the night (accounts for 20-25% of a night’s sleep)
Easier to immediately slip into if awoken towards the morning
Hallucinatory dreams/nightmares – vivid, story-likeSlide12Slide13
Insomnia
Recurring trouble falling/staying asleepSlide14
Sleep Apnea
Frequent cessations (stopping) of breathing in the night.
This occurs for 10-15 seconds until the increased level of CO2 triggers the breathing response – don’t remember waking up.
Those affected may be listless, sleepy and irritable during the day.
Caused by enlarged tonsils, infections or obesitySlide15
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by suddenly falling into REM sleep.
Possibly an underproduction
of neurotransmitters that signal
alertness or problem with the reticular formation
It can be treated and controlled with medications.Slide16
Night Terrors
Occur during Stage 4 sleepLasts 5-25 minutes
No memories of events by the sleeper
Mainly childrenSlide17
Dreams
Mental activity that takes place during sleep
6 yrs/lifetime
Takes place during REM sleep.
Motor cortex
suppressed but the rest of the brain is active.
Lucid dreaming – awareness of dreaming while dreaming
( Pablo Picasso –
The Dream
) Slide18
Why Dream - Theories
To satisfy unconscious wishes (Freud)
Manifest content
– the remembered storyline of a dream
Latent content – the underlying meaning of a dreamUnconscious drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly
Freud – dreams are the key to understanding the unconscious
Modern scientists – No proof; everyone can interpret dreams differentlySlide19
Why Dream - Theories
Information processing (to file away memories)To develop/preserve neural pathways
.
Activation synthesis theory
– dreams have no meaning, they are products of random neural firing in the brainTo practice flight-or-flight in a safe place
To work through difficult emotions in a safe placeSlide20
Hypnosis
A social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
SNL Hypnotist
Power of hypnosis lies in the subject’s openness to suggestionSlide21
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Yes – has alleviated headaches, skin disorders, asthma
No – does not seem to help addictions to alcohol, drugs, or tobacco – some claims refute thisSlide22
Drugs and Addiction
Psychoactive drugs – substances that alter human consciousness
can
distort perception, change moods, and cause people to see/hear things that are not real.
Addiction – craving of substance to feel normal (mental or physical)
Tolerance
– needing more of the substance to produce the original
effects
Withdrawal – the negative effects
caused by the
removal of a substance from the body.Slide23
Depressants
Slow CNS activityAlcohol
Intoxication = drunkenness
Narcotics – relieve pain/induce sleep
Morphine, heroine, codeine opium poppy plant
Withdrawal symptoms – tremors, cramps, chills, rapid heartbeat, insomnia, vomitingSlide24
Stimulants
Increase CNS activity
Caffeine
Nicotine
Spurs adrenalineAmphetamines (meth, cocaine, Ecstasy)Reduce appetite, increase alertness
Withdrawal symptoms – “crash,” depression, weight gain, headaches, insomniaSlide25
Hallucinogens
Produces hallucinations (pleasure or panic; time distortions)
Marijuana (THC)
LSD (acid)
Unpredictable resultsFlashbacks in the futureSlide26
Treatment
Detoxification – removal of the harmful substance from the body; weaning addicts off drugs
Maintenance programs (less dangerous forms of drugs)
Ex: Methadone for opioid abuse
CounselingSupport groupsSlide27
SYSK - Hypnosis
What are some characteristics of hypnosis/hypnotic state?
What was hypnosis first known as (term)?
Hypnotism is believed to be a way to tap into what?
What kind of state does the subject need to be in to allow the hypnotist access to the subconscious?
As seen from EEG studies, what kind of brain waves appear during hypnosis?
During hypnosis, which hemisphere of the brain appears more active? Why?
Describe the hypnosis technique coined "progressive relaxation and imagery."
Explain the association between hypnosis and the placebo effect.
OPINION: If hypnosis is basically the placebo effect in action, can it be considered a) a positive treatment for illnesses/addictions or b) as credible testimony in legal cases/forensic studies?