Copper - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Copper

Katrina

Beining

& Sarah Stahl

FN 4320Slide2

Overview

Atomic number is 29 and molecular weight is 63.55g/

mol

Atomic symbol: Cu

Two valence states: cupric (Cu

2+

) & cuprous (Cu

1+

)

Cupric=oxidized; cuprous=reduced

Only about 150mg copper is found in the body [1]Slide3

Overview Continued

Main storage site of copper is the liver

Liver helps to maintain copper homeostasis

Skeleton contains the highest percent of copper

Binds to

metallothionein

protein in cells (stores 12 copper and 12 zinc molecules) [1]Slide4

Needs

Trace mineral, but still important

RDA for copper is 900µg/day

UL for copper is 10,000µg/day [2]

Most people meet their copper needs, concern of deficiencies in developing nations

Bioavailability: 12-75% [3]

Slide5

Good Sources

Highest levels in dried fruits, dried legumes, and organ meats [2]

Shellfish, whole grains, potatoes, and dark leafy greens are also good sources [4]

Drinking water can be a source that often leads to toxicity (copper pipes leaching into potable water)Slide6

Good Sources Cont.

http://www.sparknotes.com/health/minerals/minor/section3.rhtmlSlide7

Functions

Important in functioning of organs & metabolic processes

- Bone health (cross-linking of collagen & turnover of bone tissue), CNS, immune system, CV system, reproduction, skin health, gene transcription [5,6,7]

- Endorphin action [1]

Builds tissue, maintains blood volume, and produces energy

Produces RBCs and collagen [8]Slide8

Functions Continued

Bound copper acts as an antioxidant, free copper is a free radical [9]

Proteins that incorporate copper include: cytochrome c oxidase,

ceruloplasmin

, dopamine, blood clotting proteins, and many others [1,10]

Cofactor of superoxide dismutase (part of antioxidant defense system) [2]

Copper-dependent enzymes,

cuproenzymes

, function in cellular respiration, peptide hormone processing, neurotransmitter production, skin & hair pigment synthesis, and connective tissue [6,11]Slide9

Metabolism

http://www.weblo.com/celebrity/available/Ophelia_Kolb/500280/Slide10

Methods of Measuring Copper Status

Current:

-

ceruloplasmin

(serum copper)= not a good indicator b/c of differences in metabolism & $$$$ [9]

- hair, saliva, feces, hair, urine= not accurate

- plasma copper concentration, superoxide dismutase activity, & platelet copper concentration- not accurate independently

- platelet copper concentration is best method b/c of sensitivity to small changes [11] Slide11

Limitations to Current Measuring

M

ethods

plasma copper &

ceruloplasmin

-

not sensitive enough; detect low levels only when body is severely deficient, also effected by several factors (gender, age, diseases, pregnancy, etc.)

Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase-

same problems, but especially in Down’s syndrome & alcoholism patients

Ratio of

ceruloplasmin

enzymatic activity to cupric

immunoreactive

protein concentration & non-

ceruloplasmin

-bound copper level- less interference from disease states, but calculations lead to human error [11]Slide12

Possible New Biomarkers of Copper Status

Cuproenzymes

(cytochrome c oxidase-CCO,

peptidylglycine

alpha-

amidating

monooxygenase

-PAM, superoxide dismutase3- SOD3,

diamine

oxidase-DAO, &

lysyl

oxidase)

Copper-trafficking proteins

- certain copper-trafficking protein levels are more sensitive than current methods

Immune & bone markers

-

pyridinoline

(PYD) &

deoxypyridinoline

(DPD) are cross links of bone collagen which show in urine when bone degrades from copper deficiency [11]Slide13

Toxicity

High levels of copper is toxic to the body

Contaminated water is the main source [1]

Occupational copper exposure is another problem- inhaled copper dust leads to respiratory problems, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, GI issues, & fever [9]

Related to higher cancer rates (esp. CRC), erythrocyte, liver, and eye damage

High blood copper levels found in people with rheumatoid arthritis, thalassemia, & sickle-cell anemia [10]

Might be linked to Alzheimer’s disease- studies contradicting [11]

If left untreated, high copper levels result in organ failure, shock, coma, and death Slide14

Wilsons’ Disease

Rare genetic disorder that causes copper deposits to form in the brain, liver, and other organs

Genetic mutation disturbs the protein that takes excess copper out of the liver

High liver accumulation characteristic of Wilsons’ also present in Indian childhood cirrhosis and endemic Tyrolean infantile cirrhosis [11]Slide15

http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/alcoholic-liver-disease-metabolic-liver-diseases-biliary-tract-diseases/deck/1823677

http://coneil283.wordpress.com/2011/12/02/copper-its-not-just-for-pennies/

http://www.eurowilson.org/en/living/guide/pregnancy/index.phtmlSlide16

Deficiency- Hypocupraemia

Fairly rare

Populations at high risk: premature infants, children with malnutrition, elderly, people with disorders that effect absorption in GI tract, pregnant and lactating women, vegetarians, and people recovering from illness [2]

Taking certain meds over long periods of time can increase chance of deficiency [1]

Common in burn victims [6]

Main symptoms: anemia, iron deficiency, low neutrophil count in the blood, bone malformations, stunted growth, impaired immunity, & hypopigmentation of hair and skin [11]Slide17

Diseases Related to Deficiency

Menkes

syndrome- results from malabsorption in intestines

- occipital horn syndrome is a more mild form characterized by connective tissue and skeletal deformities [11]

Copper deficiency might be a cause of organ damage in diabetes, but improved cardiac function [12]Slide18

Interactions

Iron- low copper results in iron trapped in cells, leading to anemia [1]

Molybdenum- enhances copper excretion in urine [13]

Zinc- higher zinc=lower copper absorption;

methallothionein

transports both zinc & copper resulting in retention of copper in enterocytes & decreased absorption [3]Slide19

Excretion

Major pathway is through bile in feces

Regulated by liver to maintain homeostasis

Also excreted through urine; amount in urine is similar from day to day but amount in feces changes based on intake

Small amount excreted in hair, nails, skin cells, semen, and menses [1]Slide20

Excretion Cont.

http://www.eurowilson.org/en/living/guide/pathway/index.phtmlSlide21

Conclusion

Essential for healthy body- but only small amounts needed

Good sources

Toxicity leads to oxidative damage, cancer, and kidney and liver failure

Deficiency leads to anemia, skeletal deformations, stunted growth, discolored hair and skin, etc.

Several different biomarkers are looked at to assess copper status in the body

Much is still unknown about copper’s functions

The need for an accurate, sensitive test for copper levels is evidentSlide22

References

1.

Gropper SS, Smith S. Advanced nutrition and human metabolism, 6th ed. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning ; 2013

.

2. Velasco-

Reynold

C, Navarro-Alarcon M, Lopez-G De La

Serrana

H, Lopez-Martinez M. Copper in foods, beverages and waters from south east

spain

: influencing factors and daily dietary intake by the

andalusian

population. Food

Addit

Contam

. 2008 Aug; 25(8):937-945

.

3.

Dietary reference intakes for vitamin a, vitamin k, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper,

idoine

, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. The National Academies Press; 2001.

4.

Trumbo P, Yates AA,

Schlicker

S, Poos M. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, The National Academies. Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001 Mar;101(3):294-301.

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Jegede

A,

Oduguwa

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Bamgbose

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Fanimo A, Nollet L. Growth response, blood characteristics and copper accumulation in organs of broilers fed on diets supplemented with organic and inorganic dietary copper sources. British Poultry Science 2011;52(1):133-139. Available from: Academic Search Complete

.

6.

Voruganti

V, Klein G, Hong-Xing L, Thomas S, Freeland-Graves J, Herndon D. Impaired zinc and copper status in children with burn injuries: need to reassess nutritional requirements. Burns. 2005 Apr; 31:711-716.

7.

Copper Development Association Incorporated [internet]. 2013. Available from: http://www.copper.org/consumers/health/.

8.

Wojciak

R. Effect of food restriction diets on copper concentration and copper/zinc ratio in tissues of female

Wistar

rats (animal anorexia model). Trace Elements & Electrolytes. 2013;30(4):185-190.

9.

Saha

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Karnik

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N, Kulkarni P, Singh V.

Ceruloplasmin

as a marker of occupational copper exposure. J Expo

Sci

Env

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. 2008; 18:332-337.

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Zelenina

M,

Tritto

S,

Bondar

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Zelenin

S,

Aperia

A. Copper inhibits the water and glycerol permeability of aquaporin-3. J

Biol

Chem. 2004 Dec; 279(50):51939-51943.

11.

Bertinato

J,

Zouzoulas

A. Considerations in the development of biomarkers of copper status. J AOAC Int. 2009; 92(5):1541-1550.

12.

Jun L,

Pontré

B, Pickup S,

Choong

S,

Mingming

L, Cooper G, et al. Treatment with a copper-selective

chelator

causes substantive improvement in cardiac function of diabetic rats with left-ventricular impairment. Cardiovascular

Diabetology

2013; 12(1): 1-14. Available from: Academic Search Complete.

13.

Turnlund

J. Copper

nutriture

, bioavailability, and the influence of dietary factors. J Am Diet Assoc. 1988; 88:303-308.