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. With a wide-field multi-IFU spectrograph. Cluster studies. Clusters provide large samples of galaxies in a moderate field. Unique perspective on the interaction of galaxies with their environment. As they operate much as a closed box, they are useful as tracers of galaxy evolution and of cosmology. Li Jiang-Tao. 1. Service d’Astrophysique, CEA, Saclay, France. 2. . Department. of . Astronomy. , . University. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. Outline. 1. Introduction. 2. Diffuse X-ray . observation. Galaxies . And the Foundation of Modern Cosmology. How are the lives of galaxies connected with the history of the universe?. Hubble Deep Field. Our deepest images of the universe show a great variety of galaxies, some of them billions of light-years away. 2. The Universe. Th. 3. The Universe is . everything. t. hat exists in space. 4. Galaxies. 5. Galaxies and Shapes (…Cont.). Spiral galaxies:. can be broken down in two categories. Circular spiral - round center. . Why Spiral Arms?. Why not just an undisturbed uniform disk?. Well, remember that . the innermost parts rotate faster than those farther out.. This suggests . one . obvious possibility: some linear structure forms, then . megaparsecs. away be moving with respect to us, according to Hubble’s Law? Hint: H. 0. = 70 km/s/. Mpc. 1,400 km/s. 14,000 km/s. 140,000 km/s. 140 km/s. How fast would a galaxy 2,000 . megaparsecs. Contains more than 100 billion stars. Is one of the two largest among 40 galaxies in the Local Group. Our Solar System is located a little more than half way from the galactic center to the edge of the galactic disk.. .. 1. First spiral nebula found in 1845 by the Earl of . Rosse. . Speculated it was beyond our Galaxy.. 1920 - "Great Debate" between Shapley and Curtis on whether spiral nebulae were galaxies beyond our own. Settled in 1924 when Edwin . Galaxies are . not. . alike. For every general rule I give, one can find exceptions. Classifying galaxies is difficult. They look different in different wavelengths. If the galaxy is moving, you have to correct for red-shift. The Hubble Deep Field. 10 day exposure –field located in the Big Dipper. Edwin Hubble. Edwin . Hubble. Hubble’s Galaxy Classification . Spiral Galaxies. galaxies like the Milky Way with arcing structures lying in a plane and emanating from the nuclear bulge. Here’s the Story We’ll Unfold for You…. Hubble’s galaxy classifications: Spirals, . ellipticals. , irregulars. . Structural parts of galaxies: disk, halo, nucleus, bulge. Spiral arms – tracers of star formation. Here’s the Story We’ll Unfold for You…. Hubble’s galaxy classifications: Spirals, . ellipticals. , irregulars. . Structural parts of galaxies: disk, halo, nucleus, bulge. Spiral arms – tracers of star formation. Chapter 21. How does distance affect an image?. Telescope- device that makes an object in the sky appear closer.. Revolutionized astronomy (study of space)- allowed them to see objects in space for first time.. The astonishing variety of galaxies derived from a few structural types. Sec 1.3. Irregulars. = misfits in any class. Edwin Hubble . The Realm of the Nebulae . (1936. ). ‘. Tuning Fork’ classification scheme of galaxies.