Marcus Garvey - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Marcus GarveySlide2

Spent early life in Jamaica

Began working as a printer’s apprentice at age 14, where he participated in an unsuccessful printer’s strike that sparked his passion for political activism.

Traveled through Central America while working for a newspaper and wrote about exploited migrant workersSlide3

Attended college in London and worked for

African Times and Orient Review,

which advocated Pan-

Africanism

Pan-

Africanism

is the belief that black people should be collectively self-reliant; that is, black people should be unified as both a continent and a people group Slide4

Returned to Jamaica and founded the Universal Negro

Improvement

Association (UNIA) in 1912 in hopes of establishing a

country

and government for blacks.

The UNIA:

Promoted African Americans

Advocated

resettlement in Africa (Back to Africa Movement)

P

romoted

a separate black

nation in the U.S.Slide5

Garvey traveled to the U.S. in 1916 and worked with Booker T. Washington. He then established a UNIA chapter in Harlem

In 1918, Garvey began publishing

Negro World

.

In 1919, he created Black Star Line, a shipping company specifically for black people in America, Canada, the Caribbean, South American, Central America, and Africa

By 1920, the UNIA had 4 million members and had its first convention in NYC.Slide6

While many praised Garvey and his philosophy, several established black leaders disagreed. W. E. B. Dubois was one of those leaders.

WEBD said Garvey was, “the most dangerous enemy of the negro race in America.” Garvey said WEBD was a agent of the white elite.Slide7

In 1922 Garvey was charged with mail fraud and found guilty. After spending 5 years in jail, he was released and deported to Jamaica

He moved to London in 1935 and tried to revive his influence, but could not.

Garvey worked with Mississippi Senator Theodore Bilbo, a white supremacist who heavily supported segregation.

The two created The Greater Liberia Act of 1939, which would deport 12 million African-Americans to

Liberia (at federal expense)

in an attempt to relieve unemployment problems. Congress did not pass the act.Slide8

Ida B. WellsSlide9

Ida B. Wells was an African-American investigative journalist and newspaper editor

She was also active in the fight for women’s rights and suffrage

After her parents died in 1878 when Ida was 16, she became a teacher to provide the finances necessary to keep all of her siblings together

Ida became interested in fighting racial discrimination and improving education for blacks when she learned that white teachers made more than double what she madeSlide10

In 1883, Ida and two of her siblings moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where they had family and Ida could make more money as a teacher.

In 1884, Ida was forced to give up her train seat to a white person. Ida attempted to sue the railroad company, but lost the court case when the Tennessee Supreme Court declared that she was just trying to harass the RR company.

After this event, Ida began to frequently write about racial injustice

In 1889, Ida became the co-owner and editor of the anti-segregationist newspaper

Free Speech and Headlight

ran out of the Beale Street Baptist Church in MemphisSlide11

Lynching

Lynching: to murder by mob, most often by hanging, shooting, or burning at the stake

March 1892: Thomas Moss, Calvin McDowell, and William Stewart (three friends of Ida) were lynched just outside of Memphis.

They owned and operated a black grocery store, Peoples Grocery Store, which took some of the business of the white grocery store across the street.Slide12

The owner of the white grocery store, Barrett, was unhappy to lose business to black people and started a riot at Peoples Grocery Store

Police came and charged Moss, McDowell, and Stewart with starting a riot

The three were jailed. Soon after, a mob stole them from the jail, took them outside the city limits and lynched them.Slide13

Ida spoke out about the injustice of her friends being murdered in her newspaper. She tells black people to leave Memphis, stating that “There is, therefore, only one thing left to do; save our money and leave a town which will neither protect our lives and property, nor give us a fair trial in the courts, but takes us out and murders us in cold blood when accused by white persons.”

Shortly thereafter, while Ida was out of town, a mob destroyed her newspaper office and threatened her life

Ida studied lynching in New York, began her anti-lynching campaign, and published her book

Southern Horrors: Lynch Laws In All Its Phases

. Slide14

While studying the patterns of lynching, Ida found that most people were lynched because they were accused of

crimes

Often a white person would claim a black person committed a crime (he stole from me, she tried to murder me, etc.) just so the black person would be lynched; many of these accusations were completely fabricated.Slide15

In 1892, there were 241 people lynched.

Alabama 22

Arkansas 25

Florida 11

Georgia 17

Tennessee 28

Texas 15

Louisiana 29

Mississippi 16Slide16

Of the 241 people lynched, 156 were blacks living in the South.

The top three charges for these 156 were:

Murder (58)

Rape (46)

Attempted rape (11)

(Information found at www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/wellslynchlaw.html)Slide17

One particularly sick case of lynching was that of a black man named Hastings. He was accused of murdering a white man. When Hastings could not be found, his teenage son and daughter

were lynched by hanging

and their bodies

were repeatedly

shot before Hastings was found and lynched.Slide18

In 1895, Ida published

The Red Record,

a pamphlet based off her her research that concluded that many lynches happened on false accusations of black men attempting to rape white women because white people were threatened by blacks’ economic progress.

Ida helped found the National Association of Colored Women in 1896

Ida participated in the founding of the NAACP, but quickly left due to the largely white leadership

In 1910, Ida forms the Negro Fellowship League in Chicago to help provide shelter, employment, and other services to blacks migrating to Chicago for factory jobsSlide19

From 1913-1918, Ida fought for suffrage for both black and white women

In 1916, Ida speaks to

Marcus Garvey’s

UNIA and congratulates Garvey on uniting black people

From 1918 until the late 1920’s, Ida challenged racism and the other issues of her time