Modules: 46, 47, 48 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Modules: 45, 46, 47

Personality PsychologySlide2

Defining PersonalityLatin persona  “mask”Cicero (50 BC) 4 meanings Appearance to others Inner "true" self Role

Person of distinctionSlide3

Defining PersonalityGordon Allport (1930s)An individual’s distinct and relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviorsSlide4

Defining PersonalityWays that a person is like…All other personshuman nature “need to belong”Some other persons

common differences lively, impulsive No other personuniqueness “Paul Trapnell-ish" Slide5

Personality PsychologySocial Psychology? The situation.Personality Psychology?

The person.Individual differencesSelf –concept, Identity Research focus, however is Mostly

individual differences traitsSlide6

Importance of Personality Slide7

Mate SelectionSlide8

Career PreferencesSlide9

Leadership (+)Slide10

Leadership (-)Slide11

LeadershipSlide12

Disorders

Personality Disorders

AntisocialParanoidSchizotypalSchizoidalBorderlineNarcissisticAlso, Treatment Issues:

Clients

TherapistsSlide13

Self-KnowlegeSlide14

TheoryTheoretical PerspectivesPsychodynamic theories

Humanistic theoriesTrait theoriesSocial-Cognitive theories Slide15

Measurement http://www.lovecalculator.be/quizcentral/quicktest.php#.Vk4DYr8vZ7khttp://www.colorquiz.com/quiz.phpSlide16

MeasurementBehavior samples Trait ratingsself-ratingspeer / partner ratingsobserver ratingsObjective vs Projective testsSlide17

Objective testsNumerical scaling (quantification)Standardized admin. & scoringAdjective listsQuestionnaires MMPI

NEO-PIR Myers-BriggsSlide18

The MMPI Example of “Contrasted Groups”form of test constuctionMost widely used psychodiagnostic test 567 statements (T, F)Compared answers between normals and clinical patients to construct scoring key.Scores therefore reveal how similar answers are to clinical groups,

e.g., paranoia, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia Slide19

MMPI Sample Items“I usually feel that life is worthwhile and interesting.”Depression Scale“Evil people are trying to influence my mind.”Paranoia Scale

“I seem to hear things that other people can’t hear.”Schizophrenia ScaleSlide20

MMPI has 10 scales categoriesSlide21

MMPI Individual ProfileSlide22

Psst…Scientology’s test:Probably modeled on MMPI (1946)Slide23

Projective testsWord Association testsRorschach (1921) 10 inkblotsSlide24

Projective Tests Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)Ambiguous picturesWhat is happening in the picture?Write a story. Personal motives “leak” out in the story

Need for AchievementNeed for Power

Need for AffiliationSlide25
Slide26

“She’s

putting on makeup and what she doesn't realize that she will be in a terrible accident because she is about to kill someone and harm herself, and she will die being unloved, not married, no children, no family, no

career…”Slide27

Trait PerspectiveFirst… there were “TYPE” theoriesGalen (400 AD)Sanguine (happy, jolly)Choleric (irritable, impulsive) Phegmatic (calm, relaxed) Melancholic (gloomy, withdrawn) Slide28

Other typologiesFreud (1900) oral character anal character phallic characterJung (1921)Extraverted type vs Introverted type+3 more “polarities”Myers-Briggs Scale: 4 x 4= 16 Types

“EJFN”Slide29

Critcism of the “type” concept

Which is more scientifically useful for describing personality?

Personality psychology gradually moves away from TYPE concepts.

Becomes the study

of

TRAITS.Slide30

Galen’s 4 TypesSanguine (happy, jolly)Choleric (irritable, impulsive) Phegmatic (calm, relaxed) Melancholic (gloomy, withdrawn) Slide31

N+

E+

(-)(-)SanguineCholericPhlegmatic

Melancholic

EXTRAVERSION

NEUROTICISM

NEUROTICISMSlide32

Trait theoriesResearch questions:How many traits?How do traits covary? Are there major trait dimensions?Stability vs. change? Causes: Nature vs. Nurture Biology of traitsBrain, body, hormones Slide33

Trait taxonomiesTwo approaches:Bottom-upData driven e.g. analyze covariationTop-downTheory driven

Psychodynamic theory?Biological theory?Evolutionary theory?Slide34

Rise of trait taxonomiesSearching for trait dimensionsGuilford (1936) Questionnaire to measure “extraversion”Analyze correlations using

“factor analysis” Method of analyzing correlationsExpanded the questionnaire…

Repeat.First effort to identify several different“dimensions” of personalitySlide35

Eysenck’s DimensionsHans Eysenck (1940s-90s)Top-down approachFocus on biggest dimensions first.Propose biological theoryUse experiments to test them.Eysenck decides on a “Big Three”

Extraversion

Neuroticism“P”Slide36

Eysenck was important Slide37

Criticism of Eysenck’s 31) Not comprehensive enoughWhat about…. warmheartedness, messiness, planfulness, curiosity, spitefulness…?2) Based on trait questionnairesWho constructed them? … the researchers.How did they decide what traits to measure?

Trait sampling problem: the dimensions that are found depend on which traits are measured.How decide which traits

to include?Slide38

The Lexical ApproachHow decide which traits to measure?Lexical= “words in the natural language”Galton’s (1885) "Lexical hypothesis"

If a trait is socially important enough for people to want to

talk a lot about, then, over time, eventually there will a word for that trait in the natural language. Slide39

Lexical Trait ResearchAllport’s list of 28,000 trait wordsCattell (1944):Used Allport’s list of 28,000 trait adjectivesSampled this list in a representative wayFactor analysis of ratings for…

170 traitsRESULT: 16 factors  so, he developed the “16PF” Personality Questionnaire.Critics? “Only

5 big factors in his data”. Slide40

16 PF http://ipat.com/16pf-questionnaire/Cattell’s trait questionnaire16 PF (“16 Personality Factors”)Most widely used trait measure until 1990sEspecially business and career counselingSlide41

Lewis Goldberg (1980) Redo steps of Cattell (Factor Analysis easy now)1710 adjectives self-ratings,peer-ratingsResult: 5 large trait dimensions What about other languages?

German, Dutch, French, Turkish, Tagalog…Same result: Big Five

Lexical discovery of the Big 5Slide42

16 PFWarmthDominanceLivelinessSocial BoldnessExtraversion 

Vigilance

Privateness

Tough-Mindedness

Independence

Rule-Consciousness

Self-Reliance

Perfectionism

Self-Control

Emotional Stability

Apprehension

Tension

Anxiety

Sensitivity

Abstractedness

Openness to ChangeSlide43

The “Big Five”What are the Big Five?In-class demoBig Five Inventory (“BFI”)Slide44

The OCEAN of PersonalityOpennessConscientiousness

Extraversion Agreeableness

Neuroticism PSlide45

The Big Five

Warmth

Activity-level

Assertiveness

Excitement-skg

Sociability

Pos emotions

E

O

C

A

N

Each factor represents covariation among

hundreds of related traits.

5

Dimensions of Trait

CovariationSlide46

Openness to ExperienceIs curious about many different things. Has an active imagination. Values artistic, aesthetic experiences. Likes to reflect

, play with ideas. Is original, comes up with new ideas. Is ingenious, a deep thinker

.Is inventive.Slide47

ExtraversionIs full of energy. Has an assertive personality. Is outgoing, sociable.

Is talkative. Generates a lot of enthusiasm.Is sometimes shy, inhibited. Tends to be

quiet. Is reserved. Slide48

Conscientiousness Does a thorough job Is a reliable worker Perseveres until the task is finished Does things

efficiently Makes plans and follows through with them Tends to be

disorganized (-)Slide49
Slide50
Slide51

AgreeablenessIs helpful and unselfish with others. Is generally trusting. Has a

forgiving nature. Likes to cooperate with others. Is sometimes rude to others. (-)

Starts quarrels with others. (-)Can be cold and aloof. (-)vs. AntagonismSlide52

NeuroticismIs depressed, blue. Worries a lot.Gets nervous easily.Can be

moody. Is relaxed, handles stress well. (-) Remains calm in tense situations. (-)

vs. Emotional StabilitySlide53

Why is Big Five important?1. ComprehensiveRecurrent factors in many languages.Slide54
Slide55

Ashton (2001):French Factor VSlide56

Somer & Goldberg (2002):Turkish

Factor VSlide57

Why is Big Five important?1. Comprehensive (cont’d)Also located in old trait questionnaires. e.g., MMPI, CPI, 16PF Example: MBTI

Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorSlide58

?MTBI correlations with B5

O C E A N

I-SJ-PE-I

F-T

.72

.50

.74

.44Slide59

Interpersonal Circle

AssertiveTimid

WarmColdExtravertedAffiliative

Dominant

Manipulative

Aloof

Introverted

Deferent

AgreeableSlide60

Assertive

Timid

WarmColdExtravertedAffiliativeDominant

Manipulative

Aloof

Introverted

Deferent

Agreeable

Dominance

Warmth Slide61

Assertive

Timid

WarmColdExtravertedAffiliativeDominant

Manipulative

Aloof

Introverted

Deferent

Agreeable

Extrav

I

Agre

IISlide62

2. Very stable over time

Self-reports

r

Interval

Big Five

6 years

.74

GZTS

MMPI

24 years

30 years

.65

.56

MMPI Si

.70

30 years

Peer-reports

Big Five

7 years

.70Slide63

3. Substantial heritability

Weight IQ.60.50

ExtraversionNeuroticismOpennessConscientiousnessAgreeableness

.46

.36

.31

.28

.28Slide64

Factor V controversyCulture (Norman, 1967)Intellect

(Goldberg, 1990)“Inquiring Intellect” (Fiske, 1949)

Imagination (Saucier, 1994)Openness (Costa & McCrae, 1987)Slide65

French

Dutch

Turkish

German

Hungarian Tagalog

Intellect?

Openness?Slide66

4. Brain correlates of B5 ConscHigher volume in frontal lobe region related to planning/controlling behavior NeurRight asymmetry in frontal lobe activation Slide67

4. Brain correlates of B5 ExtravHigh activation in sensory processing areas of posterior thalamus Slide68

5. Cross-cultural univers. Found in many languagesMany languages other than European (although the clearest replications are in European languages)Translated Big Five questionnaires show same structure worldwideNEO-PIR studied in hundreds of languagesFactor structure recovers Big Five very closely in all samplesSlide69

6. Predict important thingsPhysical Health Substance abuse (e.g., low C, high N, high O)Longevity

(e.g. high C)Psychological health (e.g., low N, high E, high C)

Close relationships / divorce (e.g., high N)Career preferences (e.g., openness and extrav)Political preferences (e.g., openness)Music preferences (e.g., openness, extraversion) Lifestyleleisure interests… clothing… tattoos (!)Slide70

Extraversion

Well-being and PersonalitySlide71

Neuroticism

Depression

Well-being and PersonalitySlide72

Politics and Personality

Openness

Slide73

O

Liberal AttitudesSlide74

Result:

60%

of the genetic component of political leaning (lib vs cons) overlaps with the genetic component of openness to experience.Slide75

Social Media and Big FiveSlide76

Word cloud: ExtraversionSlide77

Word cloud: IntroversionSlide78

Word cloud: NeuroticismSlide79

Beyond the Big FivePossible omissions? Pos evaluation “excellent” Neg evaluation “evil”

masc/fem “girlish” relig & spiri “religious”

attractiveness “beautiful” Sexuality “sensuous”Slide80

The Big “Six” instead?HEXACO model Agreeableness is too broad? Easily breaks into 2 big dimensions6th factor: “Honesty-Humility”Many languages show this 6th factorBig Six is better?Currently being debated. (Many disagree).

HH correlates very strongly with measures of psychopathy (r =

-.70 )Slide81

HEXACO model: A vs H-H

Agreeableness

(+)Gentle, Peace-loving, Patient(-)Aggressive, (-)touchyHonesty-Humility(+)Sincere, Honest, Just(-)Boastful,(-)Dishonest.(-)Greedy Slide82

Lexical “Big Three”

De Raad et al. (2014)Slide83

De Raad et al. (2014)

Int-Opn

Agreeable-nessEmotional

Stability

Conscienti-

ousness

Extraversion

Intellect-

Openess

Big Five Model

HEXACOSlide84
Slide85

Psychodynamic Perspective Every man has reminiscences which he would not tell everyone but only to his friends … But there are other things which a man is afraid to tell even to himself. -- DostoyevskySlide86

Psychodynamic Perspective Every impulse we strive to strangle broods in the mind, and poisons us. -- Oscar Wilde Slide87

Psychodynamic PerspectiveSlide88

Sigmund Freud1859-1939Austrian clinical neurologistFascinated by “hysteric” patientsPhysical symptoms but not physical causePresumably “psychological” causesStudied with Charcot in Paris, e.g., hypnosis“Talking Cure”Josef Breuer & Freud: “

Studies in Hysteria”Famous case study: “Anna O”Slide89

Historical Influences1. Romanticism psychic conflict “big clash”  passion vs. logic/reason “big clash”  individual vs society 2. Darwinism sex, adaptation 3. Victorianism

repressionGreat optimism  technology  progressGrand theories Biology, chem, physics Slide90

Historical Influences4. Judeic hermeneutic traditionsScholarly study of religious texts Text analysis- “interpretation”Interpret symbolic meaningsDiscover deeper and deeper meanings

“Depth” PsychologyLook deep below the surfaceInterpret symbols of the mindSlide91

Historical Influences5. Mythology Universal psychological themes Clues to Universal “deep” structure and processes within human mind

6. Clinical Medicine “Hysteria” disorders in neurologyphysical symptoms but not a physical cause for them, e.g., “glove” paralysis

Slide92

Sigmund FreudImportance of unconscious mindUnconscious drives or “instincts” are at work behind the scenesTension / anxiety occurs from “clash” between inner wants/impulses and outer demands. Our minds hide / disguise undesirable impulses or desires to manage anxiety.

Disorders can occur from these dynamics of the unconscious mind. Personality is created by these dynamics too. Slide93

Sigmund FreudPsychoanalysisTreatment methodExacvation of unconscious conflicts “Deep diving”Bring unconscious conflicts to surfaceUnderstanding (“insight”) is curative“talking cure”

Therapist helps identify conflicts, undo repressionHelps to replace immature “defenses” with more mature, adaptive ones. Slide94

Freud’s Structural Model3 levelsConsciousPreconsciousUnconscious3 structures Id

Ego SuperegoSlide95
Slide96
Slide97

Freud’s Developmental Theory1 Oral2-3 Anal4-5 Phallic 6-12 Latency> 12 GenitalSlide98

Freudian "Dynamics"Id energy must get

outBut out "safely" (no anxiety)

So Manipulate awareness Transform impulses into disguised, conscious form that appears safe or normalSlide99

Defense MechanismsOne of most lasting contributions of Freud (and daughter, Anna)RepressionThe most general, important mechanismOther defense mechanisms:DisplacementProjectionScapegoat theory of prejudice: Influential 1950 book: The Authoritarian PersonalitySlide100

Defense MechanismsProjectionScapegoat theory of prejudice: Influential 1950 book: The Authoritarian Personality

Bob Altemeyer

Right-Wing Authoritarianism ScaleSlide101

Defense MechanismsReaction FormationAcquiring OPPOSITE attitude/feeling inorder to disguise undesirable real attitudeHomophobia studyAdams et al. (1996) Slide102

Homophobia ScaleSlide103

Homophobia (Adams et al)

Hetero Porn

Lesbian PornGay Porn

!!Slide104

Homophobia (cont’d)

Homophobics showed slightly higher response to erotica regardless of whether erotica was Gay or Straight Slide105

Defense MechanismsOther defense mechanismRegressionRationalizationSublimation Identification IntellectualizationSlide106

Criticism of FreudUnfalsifiable theories Case study methods Confirmation biasEmpirical evidence is very weake.g., repression

Treatments don’t workSlide107

Criticism of FreudLife-long development Infant brain too immature to support Freud theory of traumaPeers > ParentsGender identity theory is wrong.Child sexuality theory is wrong.Dream theory wrong (partly)Theories are unfalsifiableSlide108

Criticism of FreudUnfalsifiable theories Case study methods Confirmation biasEmpirical evidence is very weake.g., repression

Treatments don’t workSlide109

Alfred Adler

"Organ inferiority"

Superiority Striving

Social Interest

2. Birth Order theory

1. NeoFreudian motives:Slide110

Neo-Freudians1. Other motives are importantAgentic motives (competence, mastery, understanding, exploration)Communal motives (attachment, belonging, affiliation)Slide111

Neo-Freudians2. Ego is more than just an anxiety manager Rise of “Ego Psychology” Rise of “Self Psychology”Self-esteemSelf-awarenessSelf-structures (complexity, clarity )Slide112

Social-Cognitive View of PersonalityLearning theoriesJohn Locke (1700s)Behaviorism (1900-present)Cognitive theories“Personal Constructs" (Kelly)

"Expectancies“, e.g, self-efficacy (Bandura)"Attributions" (Rotter, Seligman)“If-Then Signatures” (Mischel and Shoda)Slide113

Example of cognitive traits Efficacy "can do" beliefs not same as outcome expectations not same as "confidence“

e.g., Studies of snake phobicse.g., Studies of bravery in soldiers Efficacy beliefs,

not fearlessness, predicted successful behavior (picking up spider; being courageous in battle)Slide114

Example of cognitive traits Explanatory Style Seligman and Petersen Global, stable, internal attributions for bad outcomes= maladaptive beliefs Predicts depression, shorter lifespan Slide115

Humanistic Perspective"3rd" Force in Psychology (1961)Abraham MaslowPyramid theory of motivation Peak ExperiencesOptimal personality (Coan, 1971)Carl RogersGrowth, Actualization Congruency; Positive RegardSlide116

Positive RegardConditional Positive Regard: love is contingent upon behavior.Unconditional Positive Regard: love is unqualified.Influential in counseling Slide117

Rogers’ Personality TheoryThe needs for self-actualization and positive regard create a potential for conflict.Slide118

Self-Discrepancy TheorySelf-esteem is defined by the match between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselvesSlide119

Maslow’s Hierarchy

Self-Actualization

Physiological

Safety

Belongingness

EsteemSlide120

Psychology of Optimal Experience: FlowCsikszentmihalyi Absorption in activitySense of effortlessness and perfectionFocus on single activityBalance between high skill and high challenge