Rival Imperial Models Spain France and Holland Spain vs French and Dutch colonies New Spain Colonization and Conversion St Augustine 1565 Franciscan Missions and Indian Revolts Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries 1573 ID: 708740
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Unit 2Chapter 2The Invasion and Settlement of North America, 1550-1700Slide2
Rival Imperial Models: Spain, France, and HollandSpain vs. French and Dutch colonies
New Spain: Colonization and Conversion
St. Augustine 1565
Franciscan Missions and Indian RevoltsComprehensive Orders for New Discoveries (1573)MissionariesWhipped Indians who practiced polygamySmashed idolsConversion, assimilation, rape, and forced laborInitial toleration but returned old religionResult: Pope and the Uprising of 1680Indian shaman led uprising killing 400 Spaniards and forcing relocation of 1500 colonists. Spain reasserted control over Pueblo people in Nuevo Mexico. They assimilated and miscegenation took place. Spain experienced similar disappointment in the 1700s. Their Floridian settlements were overrun by English raiders. Slide3
New France: Fur Traders and Missionaries250,000 Natives in Canada
King Louis XIV
Quebec was a fur colony with indentured servants
Barred HuguenotsOppressive aristocracy and church dominated feudal systemOnly 15,200 in New FranceWisconsin and Louisiana were added The Rise of IroquoisFrench disease killed 75%Iroquois obtained guns and organized confederationsKilled most of the French men and adopted French women and childrenSlide4
The Jesuit MissionsFrench priests respected Indians’ valuesMerged Christian and Indian needsEpidemics Indian raids
New Netherland: Commerce
Dutch merchants owned more ships than all other Europeans combined.
They seized Portuguese forts in Africa, Indonesia, and Brasil. They controlled the Atlantic trade in slaves and sugar; and Indian Ocean spices. Established New Amsterdam (New York)Fur trade met with violent conflict with AlgonquiansIntolerance to its English residenceDuke of York (English) took over colony New English duke imposed English lawDutch residents resisted cultural assimilationSlide5
The English Arrive in the ChesapeakeUnlike the Dutch and French, the English colonies attracted thousands of settlers. Tobacco growing economy based on labor of indentured English servants and enslaved Africans.
Settling the Tobacco Colonies
Originally private enterprises, organized by nobles, merchants and religious dissidents
Considerable autonomy The Jamestown Settlement 1607Merchants were granted lands from NC to NYNamed “Virginia” in honor of Queen Elizabeth Looking for gold, found famineTobacco rich; spurred thousands of settlersHouse of Burgesses established in 1619-Slide6
The Indian War of 1622Successful Indian uprisings led to James I to make VA a royal colonyTaxes to Church of EnglandFormal legal system and Anglican Church became model
Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland
King Charles I; Catholic sympathizer
Catholic refugeToleration Act of 1649Tobacco FreeholdsSlaves and indentured servantsFew womenMalaria and deathSlide7
Masters, Servants, and Slaves100,000 English migrants in VA and MDFour or five year contracts
Indentured Servitude
Produced five times his cost
Bought and sold as property Half died under contractCollapse of tobacco boom led to an increase in slaveryDistinguish from race, not religionNo guns, militia, no servantsBacon’s Rebellion 1676Navigation Acts The Seeds of Social RevoltFarmers earning less, ex-servants poorWilliam Berkley, governor of VA granted land to members of his council. No taxes for politicians. High positions for friends. No voting for landless men. Slide8
Indians and FrontiersmenPoor farmer became aggressive with IndiansVA militia murdered Indians, Indians retaliatedEffect:
Nathaniel Bacon, Rebel Leader
Bacon led rebels to attack Indians, then was arrested
Rebels forced Berkley to release him and establish voting rightsDemanded death of Indians and end of wealthy ruleHe led rebels to burn and plunder wealthy plantationsThe governor stopped the rebels Governor appeased the colony by: Social system based on raceSlide9
Puritan New England
The Puritan Migration
Protestants wanted to “purify” Christian faith
Included women and childrenThe PilgrimsSailed to Plymouth on Mayflower in 1620By 1640 there were thousands of settlersEstablished legal code, self government, broad political rights, property ownership, and religious freedomKing Charles I repudiated Protestant doctrinesThousands of Puritans fled to AmericaJohn Winthrop and Massachusetts BayFirst migrants led by Winthrop (governor)“New England” hoped to inspire religious reformTransformed joint stock company into political systemBible was religious guide; religious intoleranceSlide10
Roger Williams and Rhode IslandRoger Williams favored religious tolerationAgainst mistreatment of IndiansBanned from MassachusettsEstablished colony of RI with self autonomy
Anne Hutchinson
Salvation through grace
Dealt with misogyny Charged with heresy Exiled to Rhode IslandThe Puritan Revolution in EnglandEnglish Civil War ended in 1649After Commonwealth died and monarchy was restored, more Puritans fled. Slide11
Puritanism and WitchcraftZealot Puritan minister attacked heretics“Wizards and witches "were executedRich church membersEffort to subordinate women
Encouraged Enlightenment
A Yeoman Society, 1630-1700
MA and CT Courts bestowed land on groups of proprietors, who then distributed it among the male heads of families. Most adult men had a vote in town meetings. The farmers also selected the town’s representatives. Slide12
The Eastern Indians’ New WorldPuritans and Pequots
Puritans (NE) were just as brutal as the Spanish.
Religion was the issue, not race.
Indians assimilated their culture into Christian beliefs. Metacom’s War of 1675-1676Metacom concluded that Europeans had to be expelled from NEEnded when Indian warrior ran out of gunpowder and Massachusetts Bay Colony hired Mohegan and Mohawk warriors to kill Metacom. 1000 MA and RI settlers killed (5%); 4500 Indians killed (25%)The Destructive Impact of the Fur TradeIndians dealt with Dutch and English merchants in Albany instead of FrenchDisease, guns, and rum stopped Indians from enjoying profitThey neglected traditional artisan skills for European ironDivided into hostile religious factionsDisruption of farming practices by warfare
European goods undermined women’s economic power
Negative environmental effect (deer, otter, beaver)