Anything that satisfies a human need becomes a thing of value Social approval was lacking So modified to Anything which is socially desired and leads to satisfaction of human need becomes a thing of value ID: 796060
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Slide1
CONCEPT OF HUMAN VALUES
Slide2Initially used in economics- Measure of Benefit.
Anything that satisfies a human need becomes a thing of value.Social approval was lacking.So modified to: Anything which is socially desired and leads to satisfaction of human need becomes a thing of value.So, two components:SatisfactionDesirabilityPhilosophers defined it as “beliefs shared by the members of a culture regarding what is good or bad, acceptable or non acceptable. Values govern human behavior or action.”
CONCEPT OF VALUE
Slide3“Purushartha”
are the values which human beings should seek. These are (in hierarchical order):Artha: Economic value or wealthKama: PleasureDharma: Righteousness and moralityMoksha (Param Purushartha) : Spiritual freedom and self perfection. Liberation from the web of Maya or freedom from cycle of birth and death.Indian Philosophy
Secular (present in all cultures) and lower category values.
In absence of Dharma, Artha and Kama are not good. Dharma in progression leads to Moksha.
Slide4Slide5Universal values:
TruthBeautyGoodnessSelf realization (Highest Value)Western Philosophy
Slide6“Value is defined as a set of principles whereby conduct is directed and regulated as a guide for individuals and a social group.”
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1972)Definition of values
Slide7Instrumental values Vs. Intrinsic Values
Instrumental values: Lead to achievement of ultimate goal of life. E.g. Artha and Dharma.Intrinsic Values: End in itself. Instrumental values lead to achievement of intrinsic values. E.g. Artha leads to Kama and Dharma leads to MokshaTypes of values
Slide8Indian traditional value classification
ArthaKamaDharmaMoksha Types of Values
Slide9Values according to constitution of India
“WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:JUSTICE, social, economic and political;LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;EQUALITY of status and opportunity;And to promote among them allFRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.”
Types of Values
Slide10Slide11According to Constitution
Democratic Values: Freedom of thought, expression and belief; equality and dignity of individuals, ensuring justice.Socialistic Values: Equality of status and opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth.Secular Values: Respect for all religions, freedom of faith and worship.Types of Values
Slide12Modern classification of values:
Primary values or Organic Values: Basic values, self nourishment. E.g. good food, drink and clothes.Pleasure values of Hedonistic values: Desire for pleasure and avoiding pains.Aesthetic Values: Recognizing beauty of nature and appreciating things which give joy of beauty. E.g. Fine arts, dance, music, poetry etc.Economic values: Desire for money and materialism.Personal values: Values a person desire for his own. E.g. possession recreation, quest etc.Family values: Traditional values including faith, occupation, characteristics of caste and behavior in accordance to the family status.
Types of Values
Slide13Social values: Desired together by a social group.
Power values: Desire of an individual to rule over others or lead others.Intellectual values: Love for knowledge, zest to discover and inclination toward truth.Religious values: One’s faith in God, offering prayers, charity and obeying ethical codes of a religion.Moral values: What is socially right or wrong. Dharma talks about this. Moral values of Indian culture are depicted in:Satyam, Shivam, SundaramVasudhev
Kutumbakam
Spiritual values: Ultimate value of human life. For this one need to get detached. It inspire us and makes us free from all selfish actions.
Types of Values
Slide14Traditional Vs Modern Values
Traditional value
Corresponding Modern Values
Artha
Economic Values
Kama
Primary or Organic Values
Hedonic or Pleasure Values
Aesthetic Values
Recreational Values
Dharma
Moral Values
Personal Values
Social Values
Intellectual Values
Moksha
Spiritual Values
Comparison done by
Kar
(1996)
Slide15Gawande
classification of valuesHuman values: Core values and all other are built around these values.National or Constitutional valuesSocial values: E.g. values of Indian culture are respect and love for others, brotherhood, self sacrifice and self realization.Vocational or professional valuesReligious valuesAesthetic valuesTypes of Values
Slide16Universal in nature
Shared by all human beings irrespective of their culture, religion or nationalityWhat we expect from others and what we aim to give to othersHuman values are unique to every individualEveryone does not give equal importance to all elements of lifeRelated to human behaviorThese are developed through socialization, individual experiences and identification with significant others.Concept of Human Values
Slide17Human values are core conceptions of the ‘desirable’ within every individual and society.
They serve as standards or criteria to guide not only action but also judgment, choice, attitude, evaluation, argument, rationalization and attribution of causality (Cause and effect relations).”M. Rokeach (Social Psychologist)Definition
Slide18Dr.
Gawande (1994) found seven human values:TruthfulnessConstructivity (positive or good purpose)SacrificeSinceritySelf controlAltruism (well being and happiness for all)Scientific visionComposition of Human Values
Slide19NCERT (National Council for Educational Research and Training): Suggested 84 human values.
Composition of Human Values
Slide20Abstinence
31. Honesty
61. Self-help
2. Appreciation
of cultural values of others
32. Helpfulness
62. Self –respect
3. Anti-
untouchability
33. Humanism
63. Self confidence
4. Citizenship
34. Hygienic living
64. Self support
5. Consideration
for others
35. Initiative
65. Self study
6. Concern
for others
36. Integrity
66. Self reliance
7. Co-operation
37. Justice
67. Self control
8. Cleanliness
38. Kindness
68. Self restraint
9. Compassion
39. Kindness to animals
69. Social service
10. Common
cause
40. Loyalty to duty
70. solidarity of mankind
11. Common
good
41. Leadership
71. Sense of social responsibility
12. Courage
42. National unity
72. Sense of discrimination between good and bad
13. Courtesy
43. National consciousness
73. Socialism
14. Curiosity
44. Non-violence
74. Sympathy
15. Democratic
decision making
45. National integration
75. Secularism and respect for all religions
16. Devotion
46. Obedience
76. Simple Living
17. Dignity
of the individual
47. Peace
77. Spirit of enquiry
18. Dignity
of manual work
48. Proper utilization of time
78. Team work
19. Duty
49. Punctuality
79. Team Spirit
20. Discipline
50. Patriotism
80. Truthfulness
21. Endurance
51. Purity
81. Tolerance
22. Equality
52. Quest for knowledge
82. Universal truth
23. Friendship
53. Resourcefulness
83. Universal love
24. Faithfulness
54. Regularity
84. Value for national and civic property
25. Fellow-feeling
55. Respect for others
26. Freedom
56. Reverence for old age
27. Forward
look
57. Sincerity
28. Good
manners
58. Simple living
Gentlemanliness
59. Social justice
Gratitude
60. Self-discipline
Slide21Schwartz (1994) identified 10 universal human values:
AchievementBenevolence (honesty, loyalty, helpfulness, welfare of people)ConformityHedonism (enjoying life, pleasure for oneself)PowerSecurity Self directionStimulation (excitement and adventure in life, accepting challenges, variety and novelty in life)Tradition (customs and traditions of religion, devotion and self control)
Universalism ( understanding and protecting all people and nature, broad mindedness, equality, peace, justice, harmony and unity at world level)
Composition of Human values
Slide22Conflict and similarity between these 10 values has summarized these into two dimensions:
Self Enhancement Vs Self TranscendenceAchievement and power comes under self enhancement (self interest)Universalism and benevolence comes under self transcendence (social welfare)Openness to Change Vs ConservationSelf direction and stimulations comes under openness to change (independent thinking, readiness for change)Conformity, tradition and security comes under conservation (order, self control and resistance to change)*
Hedonism has characteristics of both self enhancement and openness to change.
Slide23Slide24We can say a human behavior as per human values, if that behavior is having following characteristics:
Expected behaviorResponsible for individual progressConducive to society and nationAccepted at international levelHuman Behavior