2 Review the anatomy of the pectoral region amp upper back 3 Study the anatomy of the breast and its clinical importance The thorax overview pp 125139 Shape Location Parts Irregular cylinder ID: 920928
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1. Identify the parts & functions of the thorax and its relations to other regions2. Review the anatomy of the pectoral region & upper back3. Study the anatomy of the breast and its clinical importance
The thorax: overview pp. 125-139
Slide2Shape, Location, Parts
Irregular cylinderNarrow superior aperture
neck & upper Wide inferior apertureAbdomen
Flexible musculoskeletal
WALL
Thoracic CAVITY2 pulmonary cavities (lungs)Mediastinum
Slide3Wall: BONES
12 thoracic vertebrae & discs
12 pairs of ribs & intercostal + subcostal spacesSternum
Slide4Wall: apertures
Slide5Superior thoracic aperture
Slide6Superior thoracic aperture
Ant.
Post.
Slide7Relation to neck & upper limb
Slide8Suprapleural
membrane
Slide9Inferior thoracic aperture
Slide10Inferior thoracic aperture & Diaphragm
Slide11Relation to abdomen
Abdominal organs hide under protection of the thoracic cage:
Liver & gallbladder
Stomach
Kidneys
Spleen
Slide12Wall: ANTERIOR MUSCLES
P. major
P. minorSerratus anterior
Subclavius
Slide13TRUE MUSCLES
Slide14Wall: TRUE MUSCLES
Slide15Wall: TRUE MUSCLES
Slide16Wall: TRUE MUSCLES
Slide17Wall: segmental neurovascular supply
Slide18BREATHING
PROTECTIONCONDUIT
Functions of the thorax
Slide19The Breast: Extent
Parasternal line
Midaxillary line
Slide20The Breast: Base & axillary tail (of Spence)
R2-R3
Slide21The Breast: Structure
Mammary gland: modified sweat gland
Superficial fascia: fat
Supportive connective tissue
All covered by skin with nipple & areola
Slide22Circular smooth
The Breast: Skin, Nipple & Areola
Slide23Circular smooth
The Breast: Skin, Nipple & Areola
Slide24The Breast: Mammary gland
Slide25The Breast: Connective tissue
(Suspensory ligaments of Cooper)
Slide26The Breast: Connective tissue
(Suspensory ligaments of Cooper)
Slide27The Breast: PHYSIOLOGY
Male: Rudimentary gland, little fat, larger pectoral muscles
Female changes
Mainly fat
Mainly
glandular
tissue
Slide28The Breast: Retromammary space (bursa)
Slide29The Breast: Posterior relations
Retromammary space
Pectoralis major & pectoral fascia
Pectoralis minor & clavipectoral fascia
2
nd
– 6
th
intercostal spaces & muscles
Slide30The Breast: Arteries
Lat.
Med.
Post.
Sup.
Slide31The Breast: Venous Drainage
Slide32The Breast: Lymphatic Drainage
Gland, nipple & areola
subareolar plexus
Rest of the skin direct
75% ipsilateral axillary nodes (esp. anterior)
25%:
Parasternal nodes (medially)
Opposite breast ( medially)
Inferior phrenic nodes (inferiorly)
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