Accumulationofplastic-derivedchemicalsintissuesofseabirdsingestingmari - PDF document

Accumulationofplastic-derivedchemicalsintissuesofseabirdsingestingmarineplasticsKosukeTanaka,HideshigeTakada,ReiYamashita,KaorukoMizukawa,Masa-akiFukuwakaYutakaWatanukiLaboratoryofOrganicGeochemistry(LOG),TokyoUniversityofAgricultureandTechnology,Fuchu,Tokyo183-8509,JapanHokkaidoNationalFisheriesResearchInstitute,FisheriesResearchAgency,Kushiro,Hokkaido085-0802,JapanFacultyofFisheries,HokkaidoUniversity,Hakodate,Hokkaido,JapanarticleinfoPolybrominateddiphenylethers(PBDEs)PlasticdebrisNorthPaci“cOceanShort-tailedshearwater Correspondingauthor.E-mailaddress:(H.Takada). MarinePollutionBulletinxxx(2013)xxx…xxx ContentslistsavailableatSciVerseScienceDirectMarinePollutionBulletinjournalhomepage: Pleasecitethisarticleinpressas:Tanaka,K.,etal.Accumulationofplastic-derivedchemicalsintissuesofseabirdsingestingmarineplastics.Mar.Pollut.Bull.(2013),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.010 preyspeciesofshort-tailedshearwaters,werecollectedinmid-watertrawlnetsfromthetrainingshipOshoro-maru(HokkaidoUniversity)inthenorthernNorthPaci“cOcean(NNPO)asfollows.Threeindividualsoflantern“shandonesquidwerecollectedintheeasternpartofNNPO(39N,155E)inMay2012.An-otherthreeindividualsoflantern“shwerecollectedinthewesternpartofNNPO(45N,159W)inJuly2012.The“shesandsquidwereanalyzedwhole.PBDEsweremeasuredintheabdominaladiposeofthe12birdsandintheingestedplastics,andinthewholetissuesof6lanternf-ishesandonesquid.Allsolventsforthechemicalanalysesweredistilledinglass.Allglassandstainlesssteelequipmentwasrinsedwiththedistilledsolvents.Approximately1g(wetweight)ofabdominaladiposetissueand10g(wetweight)oflantern“shwereextractedinaPolytronPT2000homogenizerwithdichloro-methane(DCM)andanhydroussodiumsulfate.IngestedplasticsampleswereextractedbySoxhletextractionwithDCMaccordingHiraietal.(2011).Thesampleextractswerespikedwithsurro-gatestandards(C-labeledBDE3,BDE15,BDE28,BDE47,BDE99,BDE153,BDE154,andBDE183,and4nonabromo-diphenylether)andthoroughlypuri“edbycentrifuga-tion(737gfor30min),two-stepsilicagelcolumnchromatogra-phy,andgelpermeationchromatography.DetailsofthechromatographyaredescribedinMizukawaetal.(2009)Yamashitaetal.(2011).Puri“edfractionswereanalyzedbygaschromatography…iontrap-massspectrometry(GC…IT-MS)forlow-er-brominatedcongenersandbyGCwithelectroncapturedetectorforhigher-brominatedcongeners.Thedetailedinstrumentalcondi-tionsarepresentedinHiraietal.(2011).Forty-nineBDEcongeners(mono-todeca-brominated;BDE1,2,3,7,8,10,11,12/13,15,17/25,30,32,22/28,35,37,47,49,66,71,75,77,85,99,100,116,118,119,126,138,153,154,155,166,179,181,183,184,188,190,196,197,203,206,207,208,209)werequanti“ed.PBDEconcentrationsareexpressedonlipidweightbase.PBDEconcentrationsinthesampleswerecorrectedagainsttherecoveryofthesurrogates.Reproducibilityandrecoverywerecon“rmedinadvancethrough4replicateanalysesofadiposetissueextractswithandwithoutspikingofnativePBDEstandards.Therelativestandarddeviationsofconcentrationsofindividualcongenerswereandtherecoverieswere%-;؄.;怀87%.Aproceduralblankwasrunwitheverybatch(4samples).Thelimitofquanti“cation(LOQ)wassetat3timestheamountdetectedintheproceduralblank:0.0006ng/g-lipidweightforBDE47,0.002ng/gforBDE183,and0.03ng/gforBDE209.AllreportedvaluesareovertheLOQ.PBDEsweredetectedinallbirds,at0.3…186ng/g-lipidweightFig.2TableS2),withmedianconcentrationsof1.5ng/g-lipid.Theseconcentrationsweresimilartothosefoundinpelagicsea-birds(Fängströmetal.,2005;Karlssonetal.,2006).In9ofthe12birds,lower-brominatedcongeners(i.e.,tetra-tohexa-brominatedcongenerssuchasBDE47,BDE99,andBDE154)weredominant(Fig.2B).Thesepro“les,withadominanceoflower-brominatedcongeners,aresimilartothosefoundinpelagic“shesFig.2TableS3),thepreyofshearwaters.Thesedataindicatethattheselower-brominatedcongenersareaccumulatedinthebodyoftheseabirdthroughthefoodweb.In2birds(IDs#18and#22),however,BDE209wasdominantoverlower-brominatedcongeners,andinanotherbird(#27),BDE183wasdominant(Fig.2B).Thesethreebirdshadhighercon-centrationsofPBDEsthantheotherseabirdswhosePBDEsweredominatedbylowerbrominatedcongeners.ThisindicatesthatthereissomeexposuresourceofPBDEsrichinthesehigherbrominatedcongeners.BDE209andBDE183aremajorcomponentsofdeca-BDEandocta-BDEtechnicalproducts,respectively.BDE209andBDE183werenotdetectedinthelantern“sh(Fig.2C)andsquidTableS3),whicharethepreyoftheshort-tailedshearwaterandwhichwerecollectedfromthesameareaastheseabirds.BDE209andBDE183werenotdetectedintheotherspeciesofpelagic“shesfromthenorthernorsouthernhemisphere,whereaslowerBDEssuchasBDE47,BDE99,andBDE154wereabundant(Uenoetal.,).Thus,exposureoftheshort-tailedshearwaterstohigher-bro-minatedcongenersthroughthefoodwebisunlikely.However,shearwatersareverylong-livedbirdsthatmayhaveavarieddietwithinandacrossyears(Huntetal.,2002),andourpreysampleswerelimitedintermsofspecies,area,andyear(e.g.,seabirdswerecollectedin2005whilethepreyorganismswerecollectedin2012).Morespeciesofpreyorganismscollectedinwiderrangeofareasshouldbeanalyzedtoexaminethepossibilityofpickingupthehigherbrominatedcongenersfromotherdietsources.Ontheotherhand,BDE209andBDE183weredetectedinmar-ineplastics(Hiraietal.,2011),wheretheiroccurrencewas Fig.1.Photosofplasticsintheshort-tailedshearwater.Birdsareidenti“edbythelast2digitsofeachcodenumber.Grid:5mm5mm.K.Tanakaetal./MarinePollutionBulletinxxx(2013)xxx…xxx Pleasecitethisarticleinpressas:Tanaka,K.,etal.Accumulationofplastic-derivedchemicalsintissuesofseabirdsingestingmarineplastics.Mar.Pollut.Bull.(2013),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.010 sporadic,because”ameretardantsarecompoundedinspeci“ccommercialproducts.Thisbackgroundisconsistentwithourspo-radicdetectionofBDE209andBDE183amongtheshearwaters.Thus,plastic-mediatedexposureofthesecongenersislikely.Infact,wedetectedBDE209andBDE183intheplasticsfoundinthestomachsofthe3birds(#18,#22,and#27)thatcontainedmainlyBDE209orBDE183intheadipose,andtheircongenerpro-“les(Fig.2TableS4)stronglyresemblethoseintheadiposeofthebirds(Fig.2B),suggestingthetransferofPBDEsfromthein-gestedplastictotheadipose.BDE209wasnotdetectedintheadi-poseofbird#30,althoughitwaspresentintheingestedplastic.Theplasticmightnothavebeeninthestomachlongenoughforthecongenertobeabsorbed.Thereleaseofchemicalsfromplasticsintothedigestive”uidsandtheirabsorptionintotissuesneedtobeSofarBDE209hasbeendetectedinsomespeciesofseabirds,e.g.,northernfulmars(FulmarusglacialisFängströmetal.,2005;Knudsenetal.,2007)andblack-tailedgull(LaruscrassirostrisKunisueetal.,2008Fängströmetal.(2005)measuredPBDEsinmuscletissueof14fulmarscollectedfromtheFaroeIslands.AlthoughmostbirdshadlowconcentrationsofBDE209(0.39…3.4ng/g-lipid),onehadamuchhigherconcentration(62ng/g-li-pid).Among9fulmareggsamplesfromthesameislands,BDE209wasdetectedin1sample,at7.18ng/g-lipid(etal.,2006).Itwasalsodetectedin1of18northernfulmarsfromBjørnøya,intheNorwegianArctic(Knudsenetal.,2007).Suchspo-radicdetectionisconsistentwithourobservations.ThesestudiesdidnotinvestigatetheplasticsinthedigestivetractsorcorrelatethedetectionofBDE209withplasticingestion.However,Franekeretal.(2011)foundfrequentingestionofplasticsbyful-mars.OurresultssuggestthattheirdetectionofBDE209canbeex-plainedbytheingestionofplastics.Thus,thetransferofplastic-derivedchemicalstobiologicaltissuesmayoccurinmanyspeciesofbirdsoverawiderange.MoreobservationsoftherelationshipbetweenplasticingestionandtissuePBDEsareneeded.AcknowledgmentsWethankR/VWakatake-maru(Hokkaidoprefecture)andT/SOshoro-maru(HokkaidoUniversity)forhelpwithsamplecollec-tion.K.Muramatsu,B.Nishizawa,A.Yamashita,andH.Mizunoprovidedwelcomeassistancewiththe“eldwork.TheresearchwassupportedbyaGrant-in-AidfromtheMinistryofEducationandCultureofJapan(ProjectNos.23310046,20241001)andbythePromotionProgramforInternationalResourcesSurveyfromtheFisheriesAgencyofJapan.AppendixA.SupplementarydataSupplementarydataassociatedwiththisarticlecanbefound,intheonlineversion,athttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.010Arthur,C.,Baker,J.,Bamford,H.,2009.ProceedingsoftheInternationalResearchWorkshopontheoccurrence,effectsandfateofmicroplasticmarinedebris,inNOAATechnical,Memorandum. Fig.2.PBDEconcentrationsandcompositionsin(AandB)abdominaladiposeofshort-tailedshearwaters,(DandE)theplasticsintheirstomachs,and(C)theirprey.n.d.,notPro“leisnotshownbecauseonlytraceconcentrationsofonecongener(BDE47orBDE71)weredetected;NNPO:NorthernNorthPaci“cOcean.K.Tanakaetal./MarinePollutionBulletinxxx(2013)xxx…xxx Pleasecitethisarticleinpressas:Tanaka,K.,etal.Accumulationofplastic-derivedchemicalsintissuesofseabirdsingestingmarineplastics.Mar.Pollut.Bull.(2013),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.010 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Pleasecitethisarticleinpressas:Tanaka,K.,etal.Accumulationofplastic-derivedchemicalsintissuesofseabirdsingestingmarineplastics.Mar.Pollut.Bull.(2013),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.010