Introduction to Animals Taxonomy Breakdown - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Introduction to AnimalsSlide2

Taxonomy Breakdown

Three Domains:

Six KingdomsSlide3

Characteristics of Animals

All

multicellular

(metazoans)

Eukaryotes

(cells with nucleus & organelles)Ingestive

heterotrophs (take in food and internally digest it)Store food reserves as

glycogenSlide4

Support Systems

Have some type of

skeletal support

Endoskeleton inside

and made of

cartilage &/or boneExoskeletons

found in arthropodsCover the

outside of the bodyLimit sizeMust be

molted making animal vulnerable to predatorsSlide5

Cicada Molting ExoskeletonSlide6

Endoskeletons Grow with the AnimalSlide7

Support Systems

Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have

fluid-filled internal cavities

giving them support

Called

hydrostatic skeletonsSlide8

Movement

Animals such as sponges may be

sessile

(attached & non-moving)

Animals that move very little are said to be

sedentary

(clam)Animals that can move are motile

Have muscular tissue to provide energy for movementSlide9

SESSILE

SEDENTARY

MOTILE

Sponge

Chiton

Cheetah

ClamsSlide10

Levels of Organization

Sponges

are the ONLY animals that have just the

cellular level

All

other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and systemCells may

specialize (take on different shapes and functions)Cells are held together by

cell junctions to form tissuesSlide11

Invertebrate groupsSlide12

Characteristics of Invertebrates

Simplest

animals

Contain the

greatest number

of different

species Most are aquatic (found in water)

Do NOT have a backbone

Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinodermsSlide13

Mollusca Facts

There are three distinct body

zones

: a

head-foot, (sensory and motor organs); a

visceral mass, (digestion, excretion, and reproduction); and a mantle, (secretes the shell). 

The mantle cavity,

a space between the mantle and the visceral mass, houses the gills; the digestive,

excretory, and reproductive systems discharge into it. Slide14

Mollusca (With and Without Shells)

snail

scallop

nautilus

nudibranch

octopusSlide15

Arthropod Facts

Arthropods have

segmented

bodies.Arthropods have an

exoskeletonDuring their life cycle, arthropods undergo a transformation called metamorphosis.

Arthropods are a highly successful group of animals—they account for over three quarters

of all currently known living and fossil organisms.Slide16

Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, horseshoe crab)

Dung beetle

Horseshoe crab

crayfish

spiderSlide17

Echinoderm Facts

6,000 species

Echinoderms are characterized by their

radial

symmetry,

water vascular system and internal skeleton.

Sea stars are sometimes called star fish, but this is an incorrect name since they are not fish

. Slide18

Echinoderms

Sea cucumber

Sand dollar

starfish

Brittle star

Sea fan (crinoid)Slide19

Vertebrate GroupsSlide20

Vertebrates

More

complex

animals

Most have a

backbone made up of

individual bones called vertebraeFrom simplest to most complex

, the phylum includes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammalsSlide21

Vertebrates

Vertebrates have

endoskeletons

(internal)

Some vertebrates have skeletons of cartilage (sharks, rays, and skates)

Other vertebrates have skeletons of bone and cartilage (reptiles, birds, & mammals) Slide22

Bone & Cartilage in Fetus

40 day old cat fetusSlide23

Amphibian Facts

Three groups

of amphibians are:

Newts and Salamanders,

Frogs and Toads

, and Caecilians. 5,000 to 6,000 known species.

Amphibians have delicate, permeable skin (moist skin).

The skin of amphibians lacks

the protection that scales (reptiles) and hair

(mammals) provides these other groups of animals.They are ectothermic

(controls body temperature through external means).Slide24

Amphibia

toad

newt

frog

salamander

CaecilianSlide25

Reptile Facts

8,000 known species alive today.

Largest

reptiles are

leatherback turtle, komodo dragon

and saltwater crocodile.

In many reptiles the sex of the young is determined by the

temperature the embryos are exposed to during incubation

. Reptiles are cold-blooded

(Ectothermic).Reptiles have

scales. Slide26

Reptilia

Turtle

Snake

Alligator

LizardSlide27

Birds – Aves facts

Feathers.

High

metabolism

. A four-chambered heart.

A beak with no teeth. A

lightweight but strong skeleton. Production of hard-shelled eggs

. Slide28

Birds - Aves

hummingbird

ostrich

lovebirdsSlide29

Mammal Facts

Mammals are divided into

21

groups.

Mammals are tetrapods

. (4 legs/limbs)Mammals are warm-blooded

All mammals have hair

The largest mammal is the blue whale

The smallest mammal is the bumblebee bat.Slide30

MammaliaSlide31

Body AreasSlide32

Surfaces

Dorsal

– back or upper surface

Ventral

– belly or lower surface

Anterior – head or front endPosterior

– tail or hind end opposite the headOral surface (echinoderms) – is where the mouth is located (underside)

Aboral surface (echinoderms) – is opposite the mouth (top side)Slide33

Surfaces (Echinoderms)

ORAL

ABORAL

mouthSlide34

DORSAL

VENTRAL

Surfaces (Most Animals)

ANTERIOR

POSTERIORSlide35

SymmetrySlide36

Body SymmetrySlide37

Body Symmetry

Symmetry

is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or

axis

Asymmetry

occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges)Slide38

Body Symmetry

Radial symmetry

occurs when body parts are arranged around a

central

point

like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms)

Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary

(move very little)Slide39
Slide40

Body Symmetry

Bilateral symmetry

occurs when animals can be divided into

equal

halves

along a single planeOrganisms will have right and left sides that are mirror images of each other

More complex type of symmetrySlide41

Body Symmetry

Animals with

bilateral symmetry

are

usually

motileAnimals have an anterior and posterior ends

Show cephalization (concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end)Slide42
Slide43

SegmentationSlide44

Segmentation

Only present in more

complex

animals.

May occur

internally, externally, or

both.Repetition of body parts (vertebrae, ribs).

Segments may be fused such as cephalothorax convering head and chest of

crayfish.Earthworms

(internal and external); vertebrates (internal). Slide45

Segmentation

cephalothoraxSlide46

Metamorphosis

Usually found in

arthropods

May be complete or incomplete

Incomplete Metamorphosis

:

egg nymph adultComplete Metamorphosis:

egg larva pupa adult Slide47

Complete

MetamorphosisSlide48

Incomplete MetamorphosisSlide49

Incomplete or complete metamorphosis?Slide50

Digestive Systems

All animals are

ingestive

heterotrophs

Choanocytes

- capture & digest food for sponges

Gastrovascular cavity with

one opening in cnidarians and flatworms for food to enter & leave; called two-way digestive systemSlide51

Bacteria,

Protists

, &

FungiSlide52

Bacteria

A. Characteristics

They are tiny and

unicellular

They are

prokaryotic

which means that their DNA is not housed in a

nucleus

.

They are very

numerous

– For example, there are

2.5 billion

bacteria in a gram of garden soil

They can live just about

anywhere

. Slide53

5. Bacteria come in many different shapes and colors!

Cocci (circular)

Rod

SpiralSlide54

B. Bacteria’s Structure

Cell wall

– Tough, for protection

Cell membrane

– Controls what comes in and out

DNA

– Floats freely, not contained in a nucleus

Some cannot

move

. Others can

move

with

flagella

(which is a long, whip-like tail).Slide55

C. 5 types of bacteria (depending on how they get energy)

1.

Heterotrophs

–

Eat other organisms to get energy

2.

Parasites

–

F

eed on living organisms (but don’t kill them)

3

.

Decomposers

–

Feed on dead organisms

.

4.

Chemoautotrophs

–

Make energy from chemicals like sulfur and iron

5

.

Autotrophs

–

Do photosynthesis (make energy from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide).

Flesh eating bacteria



Slide56

D

. Bacteria and its effects on others

1. Bacteria in Nature

a.

Food

and

energy

relationships

– Bacteria break down dead organisms and release nutrients to be used by other organisms.

b.

Oxygen production

– Billions of years ago, bacteria released

oxygen

as they did

photosynthesis

and this changed the early atmosphere from poisonous to possible for organisms like

protists

, fungi, plants, and animals

to evolve.

c.

Symbioses

– Some bacteria form

partnerships

(symbiosis) where they live on, near, or even inside another organism. For example,

E.coli

bacteria live in our

intestines

and help us digest our food properly.

Some bacteria are bioluminescent!Slide57

D. Bacteria and its effect on others (continued)

2. Bacteria and Humans

a. Almost all bacteria are

harmless

or

HELPFUL



(1) Bacteria are present and used in

food, fuel, medicines, industrial processes

(2) Bacteria help

break down

pollutants

(3) Bacteria help keep us

healthy

(help us digest our food, for example)

b. A few bacteria cause

problems

for humans



(1) They spoil

food

(2) They can

poison water supplies

(3) They can

damage

property

(4) They cause

diseases

like strep throat, pneumonia,

diptheria

, cholera,

teanus

, tuberculosis, bubonic plague, Lyme disease, tooth decay, gum disease. Many of these can be treated (or prevented) with

proper hygiene or immunizations or

antibiotics.Slide58

F. What about Viruses?

Viruses are

disease-causing germs

.

They are

NOT

considered

living

because:

a. They are not

made of cells.

b. They cannot eat

food

or produce

waste

.

Viruses can invade

living thing’s cells

and make them sick.

Viruses ARE able to

reproduce.

Some diseases caused by viruses:

AIDS,

measels

, influenza, hepatitis, small pox, polio, encephalitis, mumps, and herpes.Slide59

Viruses

Host cell

– cell in which a virus

reproduces

bacteriophage

– virus that infects bacteriaSlide60

Characteristics of Viruses

inner core of nucleic acid

(DNA or RNA)

surrounded by 1 or 2 protein coats (called a

capsid

)Variety of shapes determined by the proteins in their

coatsCANNOT be killed by antibioticsSlide61

PROTISTS (Kingdom Protista)

A. Characteristics

Tiny and

unicellular

Larger than

monerans

, but cannot be seen without a

microscope.

They are

eukaryotic

which means that their DNA is housed in a

nucleus.

Most live in the

water.

Most live as

individual cells

but some live as

colonies

where many

protists

live tightly packed together

6.

Protists

are a VERY diverse group in the way they carry out their life functions.Slide62

B. 3 types (Depending on how they get their energy)

Animal-like protists

Plant-like protists

Fungus-like protistsSlide63

1. Animal-like Protists

They are

heterotrophs

which means that they must consume other organisms for energy.

They can move with

flagella

(whip-like tails,

cilia

(little hairs that act like tiny oars), or

pseudopods

(“

footlike

” extensions)

Some examples

(1)

Paramecium

– Have cilia

(2)

Amoeba

– Have pseudopods

Amoeba

ParameciumSlide64

2. Plant-like Protists

a. They are

autotrophs

which means that they have

chloroplasts

which use

sunlight

to make their own food in the process of

photosynthesis

.

b. They make

70%

of the world’s

oxygen

!

c. To move, most plant-like

protists

have

flagella

(whip-like tails).

Volvox

Euglena

DiatomsSlide65

3. Fungus-like Protists

Slime Mold

a. They are

heterotrophs

with

cell walls.

b. They live in

moist soil

and on

decaying plants.

c. They feed on

bacteria

and other

microorganisms.

d. An example is

slime mold.Slide66

Fungi (Kingdom Fungi)

A. Characteristics

All fungi are

heterotrophs.

They release

chemicals

that digest the substance on which they are growing. Then they

absorb

the digested food.

They are

multicellular

(except for yeast) and

eukaryotic.

Fungi (and bacteria) are considered the Earth’s

“

clean up crew”.

Shelf mushrooms growing on a dead tree.Slide67

B. Structure of Fungi

Fungi cells are called

hyphae

and are continuous threads that contain

many

nuclei.

2. This is different from plant and animals cells which each have their own

cell membrane

and

nucleus.Slide68

B. 3 types of fungi

1. Yeasts

2. Mushrooms

3. MoldSlide69

1. Yeasts

a. Yeasts

are made of only

one cell

.

b. They are used to make

bread rise.

c. As yeast grows, it produces

carbon dioxide

.

d. Yeasts reproduce by a process known as

“budding”

Yeast under a microscope

Yeast buddingSlide70

2. Mushrooms

a. Shaped like an

umbrella

b. Some can be

eaten

but others are

poisonous

. c. Reproduce with

spores

which are reproductive cells that get carried by the

wind

to a new location and start a new mushroom.Slide71

3. Mold

a. Mold

is

fuzzy, shapeless, and flat

, and grow on the

surface

of an object (like bread).

b. Some are used to make

foods

like

tofu, soy sauce, and blue cheese

c. Certain molds make the drug

Penicillin

Bread mold under a micro-scope

Mold growing on a rockSlide72

C. Fungi and its effects on others

1. Some fungi are

helpful

in making

food

or

medicines

.

2. Most fungi are

neutral

(not good but not bad).

A few fungi are

harmful

a.

Dutch Elm Disease

b. Fungi that

damage crops

c. Fungi that are

poisonous

d. Fungi that cause

cancer

or cause

itchy or painful sores

on humans/pets (like

ringworm

or

athlete’s foot

).

Dutch Elm Disease

Ring Worm

Athlete’s Foot