JordanFolkFilialPietyTwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust82005pagemoralhumanbehavior147Ofthehundredexcellentthingsfilialpietyisfirst148saystheproverband147InChinesesocietybeingunfil ID: 280383
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Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005pageFolkFilialPietyinTaiwan:TheTwentyfourFilialExemplarsDavidK.JordanDepartmentofAnthropologyUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiegoIntroduction(August,2005).Thispaperwasoriginallydraftedforaninternationalseminar,ThePsychoCulturalDynamicsoftheConfucianFamily,PastandPresent,sponsoredbytheInternationalCulturalSocietyofKorea.Thetextwaspublishedbythesocietyinabookwiththattitlein1986undertheeditorshipofWalterH.Slote(pp47106).Thatvolumealsoincludesasummaryofparticipantsdiscussionofthepaper.Theoriginal,1986conferencepaperhasherebeenmodifiedinthatallChinesewordshavebeenconvertedtointernationallystandardPinyinspellings,withtheexceptionofTaiwan(TáiwnandTaipei(Táibi),whichareconstruedasEnglish.Thedatatablesandbibliographyhavebeenrealphabetizedtoaccommodatethechange.Asmallnumberofproofcorrectionshavebeenmadeandcharactersaddedfornamesofpublishersinthebibliography.Prologue:FilialPiety..........................................................................................................I:TheNatureofFilialPiety................................................................................................A.FilialObedience.........................................................................................................B.FilialNurturance.........................................................................................................C.FilialPietyasDutyandasEmotion...........................................................................D.FilialPietyandFrustration.........................................................................................E.Conclusions(Part1)................................................................................................10II:EducationforFilialPiety:TheTwentyFourExemplars.............................................10A.TheTwentyFourExemplarsinTaiwan..................................................................11B.Objections.................................................................................................................12C.VariantEditions........................................................................................................13D.ExemplaryFiliality...................................................................................................14E.Conclusions(Part2)................................................................................................15III:Modernization(?)ofFiliality.......................................................................................15A.TheDataBase..........................................................................................................16B.ThePersonnelofFilialPiety....................................................................................17C.Miracles....................................................................................................................20D.TheAgeofGold.......................................................................................................23E.HowOldIsaFilialChild?........................................................................................23F.PhysicalInjury..........................................................................................................24G.Conclusions(Part3)................................................................................................25AppendixI:TheTwentyFourFilialExemplars...............................................................26AppendixII:DataTableofFilialExemplarsandCodes..................................................26AppendixIII:AlternativeNamesofFilialExemplars......................................................29SourcesCited....................................................................................................................32Section1:EditionsofFilialityTales.............................................................................32ection2:OtherWorks................................................................................................35 Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005pagemoralhumanbehavior.Ofthehundredexcellentthings,filialpietyisfirst,saystheproverb,andInChinesesociety,beingunfilialtoonesparentsisthethingmostdespised,writesthenativeChristianmissionary(WúShìfng1984:18).Inthecourseofanotherstudy,DanielOvermyerandIhadoccasiontoreviewtextsusedorcreatedbymodernsectariansocietiesinTaiwan.Oftensuchtextsincludepassageslikethefollowing(allherequotedfromJordan&Overmyer1986): even[suchBuddhisttermsas]purityandNirvnareallyarisefromfilialpiety.Withoutfilialpiety,howcouldoneobtainthefruitsofBuddhahood?Thus,eventhegreatmonkofthewesternregion,theBuddhakyamuni,wasalsototallyfilialtowardhisparents [p.56,revelationattributedtotheMaitreyaBuddha FilialsonsanddaughtersenjoyHeaven;disobedientsonsanddaughtersreturntoPurgatory.Iwarnyounow:donottriflewiththekindnessofyourparents![P.62,revelationattributedtoasectpatriarchWhatdoesfilialpietymean?Itmeansobedience(shùn),thatis,obeyingonesparents.Whereveronelooksintheworld,filialpietyisatthebeginningofthings;itisthefirstprincipleofallconduct.Forpeopletolackfilialpietyislikeastreamhavingnosource,andthusbeingsuretodryup [P.69,froma1973revelationattributedtothegodGunGngAlthoughtheseexamplesarefromsectarianmaterials,thesamethemesemergefromproverbs,newspapereditorials,PTAmeetings,universitysymposia,andvillagecatcalls.Thepopularview,inotherwords,isthatconcernwithfilialpietyisthemostconspicuousfeatureoftheChinesemoralsystem,andhenceatthecenterofChinesebehaviorandideals.Theimportanceattributed;tofilialitybyChinesecreatesitsimportanceforananalyticalunderstandingofChineseculture.ThefirstpartofthispaperexploresfilialpietyasitispopularlyunderstoodbymyTaiwaninformants.ThesecondpartexaminestheprimelateClassicalpopulartextusedtoinculcatefilialpietyinchildren:amodestsetofpopulartalescalledtheTwentyfourFilialExemplars(ÈrshísìXiào).ThethirdpartofthepapercomparesthattextwithlatervariantscirculatinginTaiwantodrawsomeconclusionsaboutrecentincipientchangesinhowfilialpietyisconceived. ThispassageisfromTheIllustratedBookonReturningtotheTrueNature(nxìngtú),amainlandtextof1876.Thisandthefollowingtwotextsarerevelationsbyplanchette(fúj).SeeJordanandOvermyer,1986.ThispassageisfromtheGoldenBasinoftheJadeDew(YùlùJnpán),atextapparentlyfirstublishedin1880onthemainland,butnowwidelycirculatingamongTaiwansectarians. Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005pagetheparentsweredispleasedwiththeirdaughterinlaw,thegoodsondidnothesitatetothinkaboutdivorce.Intheserviceoftheelders,noeffortwastooextraordinaryortoogreat.Inadditiontoparentstheeldersinquestioncouldbeamansstepmotherorawomansparentsinlaw.ItisnotquitethecasethatConfucianismmaintainsthatparentsarealwaysright.ClassicalChinesethoughtelaboratesthenotionoffilialitybytheadditionaltermremonstrance(jiànorjiànzhng.).Remonstrancereferstothedutyofachild(oranyjuralsubordinate)toattempttodissuadehisparent(oranyjuralsuperior)fromapatentlyimpracticalorimmoralcourseofaction.Thus,itisreasoned,filialityisnotmereobedience,butexhibitsabroaderandmoregenuineconcernwiththeparentswelfarethanmereobediencewouldsuggest.Havingremonstrated,themodelsonordaughterintheendmustobeythewillofadeterminedparent.ThisobligationissanctionedbyanofcitedpassageintheAnalects(IV:18),whichreads:Whenservingparents,asonmayremonstratewiththemmildly,butifheseesthattheyaredetermined,heisevenmorerespectfulanddoesnotresistthem,doingthepainfulworkwithoutcomplaint.Asapracticalmatter,remonstrationisofcourseadailyoccurrenceinfamilylife.Inpopularthinkingaboutfilialpiety,however,remonstrationisrarelyconsidered.Whatparentsseekfromtheirchildrenisobedience,notremonstration;andwhatmoralheroesareheroesaboutisobeying,notremonstrating.B.FilialNurturanceBeyondobediencetoparentalwillissustenanceofparentalwelfare.Thetwoareterminologicallydistinguished,forxiàoshùn(Hokkien:hàun)isastativeandtransitiveverbmeaningtoshowfilialobedience[to].(InHokkienitisalsoanounnamingthatobedience.)Incontrast,nurturanceofaparentisyàng.Itisinthenatureofthingsthatobediencedominateswhenthefilialchildisindeedachild,whilenurturancedominateswhenthefilialchildisanadult,andtheparent,agingandincreasinglydependent.Still,bothobedienceandnurturancearepartofthepictureallalong.Inpopularthinking,thenurturanceisthoughtofalmostexactlyasthenurturanceofferedtoachild.(Mandarinspeakingpuristspronouncethesamegraphngwhenitreferstonurturingachildoranimal,butpronounceityàngwhenthenurturanceisofferedtoanagedparent.Fewspeakersseemtoobservethedistinctioninpractice. Shìfùmjjiàn;jiànzhì,bùcóng,yòujìng,bùwéi,láoérbùyuàn.LeggesinfluentialtranslationinTheChineseClassicstranslatesthepassagesomewhatdifferently(Legge1893:170):Inservinghisparents,asonmayremonstratewiththem,butgently;whenheseesthattheydonotinclinetofollowhisadvice,heshowsanincreaseddegreeofreverence,butdoesnotabandonhispurpose;andshouldtheypunishhim,hedoesnotallowhimselftomurmur.ThisviewoftheremonstratingchildasstubborntothelastisnotconfirmedbyothertranslatorsorChinesecommentatorsIhaveread,whointerpretthepassageasIhavetranslatedit.MistakenlywritingynginsteadofyàngisthecommonestmistakemadebyeditorsinthephoneticsidescriptingineditionsoftheTwentyfourExemplars.IncolloquialHokkien,cognatesofyngarefreely Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005pageNurturanceismostimportantlysymbolizedby(1)feeding,(2)carrying,or(3)attendingtothebodyprocessesofthenurturedindividual,whetherchildoradult.(Lessoftenentertainingthebabyorparentisalsodescribed.)Allofthesekindsofcaretakingarecommonlyadministeredtohelplesschildren(althoughnotexclusivelybyparents),andtheelementofreciprocitythatisinvolvedinadultchildrenpayinfortheirraisinbyadministeringthemtohelplesselderlyparentsisveryselfconscious.10Feeding.Chineseinformantsspeakingofnurturantaspectsofbeingfilialinevitablystressprovisionforthefeedingofelderlypeople.Insomecases,storiesandanecdotesofferedtoillustratetheconceptcenteronofferingagingparentsespeciallydesirablefood.Inpopulartales,theoralmotifcantakeonagreaterintensitywhenthenurturanceofparentsisconcernedthanwhennurturingchildrenisatissue(althoughinpracticethedifferenceisprobablynotasgreat).Inpopularstories,itisoftenmedicinewhichmustbepreparedforanelderlyparent,andmanyamoraltalefocusesonmedicinemadewithitemsthataredifficultorimpossibleforthefilialchildtoobtain.(OftenthesearenotinfactpartoftheChinesepharmacopia.)Thisforcestheexemplaryfilialchildtoextravagantselfsacrificeinquestoftherareingredients.Oneofmyinformantsrecountedhowherchildhooddeathinanearlierincarnation(revealedtoherinalocaltemple)hadcomeaboutbecauseshewasexposedtochillingwinterweatheronanimprobablequestforakindofgrasstohealherillmother.ThemostpopularaccountoftheearthlylifeofthegoddessGunyntellsofhersacrificingherhandsandeyessothattheycanbemadeintomedicineforherdisagreeablebutailingfather.AndstoriesaboundthroughoutChinaofpeoplecuttingofftheirownfleshtofeedtheirparents.SelfSacrifice.Theextentofsacrificeiseffectivelylimitedonlybythedeathofthechild.Onetypeofstory(onewhichdoesnotfigureinanyoftheFilialExemplartalestobediscussedhere)involvesthechildofferinghisownbodyforliteralcannibalizationbytheparent.FrancisHsuprovidesanexample(1970:79):Inthedistricthistoriesandgenealogicalrecordstobefoundineverypartofthecountryaremanyindividualbiographiesoflocalotables.Afteracursoryreadingofaboutfiftyofthem,Iobtainedatleastfiveinstancesinwhichmenandwomenweresaidtohaveslicedfleshfromtheirarmstobeboiledinthemedicinepotofoneoranotheroftheirparents.Onemandidthistwiceduringoneofhisfathersillnesses.Becausetheeldersconditionremainedserious,thefilialsondecidedtotakeamoredrasticcourseofaction.Hecutoutapieceof usedforboth,althoughHokkienliterary(Hànwén)readingsexistforthespecializedsenseofnurturingparents.TheHokkiencolloquialwordsare,dependingupondialect,iángorióng(formal)andiú(informal)forMandarinyng;ing,andliteraryingoringforMandarinyàng.Apossiblesurvivalofthelowergoingtonereadingmaysurviveinthehomonymousverbing,meaningtocarry(aperson)ononesback(nostandardwriting)whichisusedbothofchildrenandofadultscarriedontheback.10TheAmericanfolkexpressionpayinforhisraisinrefersofcoursetotendingtheinfantileneedsofthenextgeneration.ItwouldbeinconceivableinAmericanEnglishtouseittorefertotendingelderlyparents.IntheChinesecontext,incontrast,thatistheonlywayinwhichnurturanceisseenasreciprocal.Ideologically,Egosreciprocalrelationshipwithhisparentsisquiteseparatefromthereciprocalrelationshipheundertakeswithhisownchildren.Psychologically,thatdifferentiationismoreambiguous,asweshallsee. Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005pagedirectedinparttowardmitigatingthatpotentialdiscomfort:identificationoftheindividualwiththeparent,andidentificationoftheindividualwiththefamilyasawhole.IdentificationwiththeParent.IfweacceptSolomonsviewthatChinesefindpleasureandsecuritybybeingcaredforbyothers,wemustimagineittobeevenmorepainfultoprovidethisnurturancetothoseveryindividualswhowereformerlythesourceofit.13OnewayinwhichthispainmaybemitigatedforChineseinformantsisthetendencytoidentifywithparents.BythisIdonotrefertoakindofidentificationwiththeaggressor(althoughtheremaybeanelementofthat).Imeaninsteadthatinsomecontextsculturalsanctionisgrantedtoblurringtheboundariesbetweenegoandhisparent14.Onewaythisisdoneisbystressingthategocanoccupythesamestatuswithrespecttohischildrenthathisparentsoccupywithrespecttohim,thathehimselfisinotherwords,atleastpotentiallyaparentevenasheisachild.Chineseinformantsarequiteexplicitaboutakindofcontinuity,ifnotexactlyreciprocity,implicitinfilialsubordination.Theconcernwithobedienceandnurturancemakesfilialpietyaguideforbehavior(andfortheexperienceofemotion)regardlessoftheabsoluteagesofparentandchild,andassuchitiseasytoseetheparentwhomoneservestodayastheselfwhoisservedtomorrow.Psychologicalinterdependenceofparentandchild,withstrongculturalapproval,hasbeenremarkedonbysomeobserversasstandingincontrasttoEuroamericanconcernwiththedevelopmentofautonomyasacrucialfeatureofmaturity.Yetpsychologicalcrossidentificationseemstomealsotobeaprimepsychologicalresourceforanindividualembeddedinaculturalsystemthatexaltshighlyasymmetricalfilialpiety.Chineseinformantsstressfilialpietyasrelatedtothestatusesmorethantothepersonalitiesoftheirparents.Achildhonorsitsfatherbecauseheisafather,whetherornotheisbyanyothercriterionaworthyperson.Thedutiesandbenefitsoffilialpiety,likethemanipulationandbenefitsofgeomancy,areunrelatedtopersonality.Depersonalizationoftheobligationmayberelatedmerelytotheabstractioninherentinitsbeingaselfconsciouslyheldgeneralculturalvalue.Thenagain,itmaybeharmonicwithegossenseofparticipationonbothsidesofthearrangementsothat,inasense,itiscognitivelyirrelevantexactlywhoitisthatismakingsacrificesforwhom.IndividualandFamily.Inthenameoffiliality,quitegeneralfamilyinterestsareoftenpromoted,occasionallyattheexpenseofthebroadercommonweal,andfilialitybecomesequivalenttolegitimated,familycenteredparticularism.IhavearguedinquiteadifferentcontextthattheessentialunitofChinesepopularreligioninTaiwanisthefamily,nottheindividual.Itmaybetheindividualwhosuffersillness,losesmoney,orfailsinschool,butitisthefamilythatmustseekdivineassistanceforitsmisfortuneinthatcase(Jordan1972:9293).TheemphaticallycorporatecharacteroftheChinesefamily,withinwhichtherearenotevenpropertyrightsandoutsidewhichthereisnosecurity,militatesinfavorofthewelfareofadultsbeingeasilyidentifiablewiththewelfareofallmembersofthegroup. 13Thiswouldnotbesoifnurturancecouldbeaggressivelyconstrued,butforChinesethatseemsrare,atleastinthiscontext.14Intergenerationalrolecontinuitymaymakethisfunctionalinanypremodernsociety.Ifso,thelongevityoftheChineseadaptationmakesitspresenceinChinaunsurprisinginevolutionaryperspective. Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page10E.Conclusions(Part1)Onthebasisofawiderangeofsources,butparticularlycommentsofanthropologicalinformants,itemerges(1)thatfilialpietyisperceivedassimultaneouslybehavior,moralcode,andemotion,(2)thatitwastraditionallyrepresentedasaninevitablefactofnatureratherthananarbitrarysocialconvention,and(3)thatitentailedbothsubordinationoftheindividualtothedesiresorevenwhimsofhisorherparents(orhusbandsparents),andatthesametimeuncomplainingnurturanceofthosesameparents.Andwehaveseenthatthepsychologicalchallengeoftryingtofeelnurturanttowardindividualsforwhomonemustalsomakesacrificesmaybeaccomplishedinpartthroughidentificationwiththerecipientsstatus,andinpartthroughtheusefilialpietyasarationalizationforforwardingfamilyintereststhatincludeegosown.Weturnnowtothequestionofhowsuchaviewwassocializedintochildren,withspecialreferencetoatextthatseemstohavebeenassignedanimportantroleinthejob.II:EducationforFilialPiety:TheTwentyFourExemplarsSincefilialpietycentersonselfsacrificeattheindividuallevel,itisreflectedintheeducationofchildrenbyconsciouseffortstoinculcateinthechild(1)astrongsenseoftheinherentdesirabilityofselfsubordination(andaforetasteofthesanctionsagroupcanexertagainstnonconformists)and(2)anexaltedestimateoftheinherentsignificanceoftheparentsandtheirsurrogates.Associatedwiththisisastrongemphasisuponthecosmicinevitabilityofallofthis.Chinasfilialheroesrankwithhermilitaryones,16andbothareselfconsciouslypresentedasespeciallyappropriatemodelsforchildren.Thisideologicaleducationproceedsonavarietyoffrontsfromearliestchildhood,andisreinforcedbyconstantexplicitreferencethroughoutanindividualslifetofilialityandthebehaviorsassociatedwithfiliality.IntraditionalChineseformaleducation,twotextsinparticularweredevotedspecificallytotheinstructionofchildreninthewaysoffiliality:theClassicofFilialPiety(XiàoJng),andtheTwentyfourFilialExemplars(ÈrshísìXiào).TheClassicofFilialPietyhasbeenpartoftheConfucianCanonsincetheTángdynasty(618906).ThetextitselfprobablydatesfrombeforetheHàndynasty(206B.C.A.D.209),althoughtheexactdateandauthorareunknown.17TheTwentyfourExemplarsisamuchhumblertext.BynomeanspartoftheConfucianCanon,itsclumsyproseandcuriousstoriesaresomethingofanembarrassmenttomanyChineseintellectuals,andapparentlyhavebeensoforsomecenturies. 16Thishasbeensosinceearliesttimes.Forexample,aHàndynastylacquerworkboxthefamedLèlàngBasketinthemuseumofPyngyang(formerlyintheNationalCentralMuseumofKorea)includesrepresentationsofoverninetytraditionalheroes,includingfilialchildren(amongthemDngLán,tale#22intheusualordering).(Lèlàng[Korean:Nangnang]wasacommanderyestablishedaroundthePyngyángareaduringtheHànperiodoccupation.)17TheClassicofFilialPietyistraditionallyattributedtoZngShn(Zngz,505436?B.C.),adiscipleofConfuciusespeciallynotedforhisfilialpiety(andhimselfoneofthetwentyfourfilialexemplars!).Other,lesscommon,traditionalattributionsincludeConfuciushimselfandhisgrandson(andZngShnsstudent)KngJí(Z,492431B.C.).ForamodernEnglishtranslationoftheClassicofFilialPiety,seeMakra1961 Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page12sixaboutaquarterweredecoratedwithplaquesshowingscenesfromtheTwentyfourExemplars.20B.ObjectionsEnthusiasmforGuJìngsworkisnotuniversal.Foronething,mostchildren,whileexposedtothestories,donotseemtofindthemveryinteresting.AscommonasregularbookstoresinTaiwanarestorefrontrentallibraries,wherechildrencongregateforpleasurereading,forwhichtheypayanhourlyfee.EvenastwelverandomlychosenbookstoresallhadcopiesoftheTwentyfourExemplars,sononeofthetwelverentallibrariesqueriedstockededitionsofthework.Children,itwasexplained,neveraskedforit.AnotherhostileaudienceismadeupofalargeproportionofChineseintellectuals,atleastinthelatetwentiethcentury.ImentionedtooneoftheChineseliteratureinstructorsattheInterUniversityPrograminTaipeithatIsometimesopenedmyfreshmanclassonChineseculturebyaskingstudentstoreadatranslationoftheTwentyfourExemplars.Shefairlyshriekedheroutrage.Thatisaterriblebookthatwealloppose,shetoldme.Thereason,shewentontosay,wasthatthestorieswereaperversionofthetruemeaningoffilialpiety.InthetaleofWúMngrefrainingfrombrushingawaymosquitoeslesttheybitehisparents(#11),shefoundnovitalsymboloffilialityinanypositivesense,butsawonlymorbidmasochism.Toanoutsider,astoapeasant,filialityindeedhasitsmasochisticside.ToaTaipeiteacherofliterature,thatisnotapleasantwayofputtingit.ForeignerstoohavetendednottotaketheTwentyfourExemplarsseriously.WhenRichardSolomonincludeditinhisanalysisofChinesenationalcharacterintheopeningsectionofMaosRevolutionandtheChinesePoliticalCulture(Solomon1971),FrederickMotesharplycondemnedtheuseinseriousscholarlywritingofsuchcarnivalsideshowsofthehistoricChinesespectacleastheTwentyfourExemplarsofFilialConduct(Mote1972).Andtranslationsintowesternlanguagesarerare.21 20Ninegravesinthefullsampleofthirtytwowereomittedbecausetheyantedatedtheearliestdecoratedgrave.Sinceitwasmyimpressionthatthiskindofdecorationhadbecomemorefashionablerecently,useofoldergraveswouldofcoursehavetendedtodilutelegitimateevidenceofcurrentpopularity.Ididnotdoformalcountsamongsoutherngraves,butmygeneralimpressionisthatthemotifsareevenommoneramongtheHokkienspeakingpopulationandinsouthernTaiwan.TheConsummateJoyCemeteryincludesalargeproportionofgravesofrecentmainlandimmigrants,andthusrepresentsabiasedsampleofTaiwansocietywithrespecttoeducationandsocialclassaswell,whichshouldalsodepresstheproportionofgraveswiththisfolkmotif.21NotcountingatranslationintouncertainEnglishpublishedinTaiwan(LiúKèhuán1974),theonlyEnglishtranslationIhavefound,somewhatquaintlyrendered,wasanonymouslyofferedinthe1837volumeoftheChineseRepository;aslightlyrevisedversionofit(includingcommentaries)appearsasanappendixtoIvanChenstranslationoftheClassicofFilialPiety(Chen1908).Chenmodifiedonetaleandomittedtwoofthem(thoseofYQiánlóu,whotastedhissickfathersdunginthecourseofdiagnosis[#16]andofMadameTáng,whofedhertoothlessmotherinlawfromherownbreast[#10])asunfitforthesensitiveeyesofEnglishreaders. Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page14D.ExemplaryFilialityTzeng&Hsu(1972:29)havebrieflydescribedandanalyzedtheTwentyfourExemplarsasfollows:Thelargestgroup(sevenstories)dealswithhowthechild,thesonexceptforonedaughterinlaw,obtainsfoodforthemother.Infiveinstancesthemotherissickandaspecialfoodisrequiredforherrecovery.AtypicalstoryofthiskindLyingontheIcetoCatchFishshWòBngQiúL#12])concernsastepmotherandherstepson.Thestepmotherbecamesickduringthewinterandonlyacertainkindoffreshfishwouldeffectacure.Thestepson,eventhoughhehadbeenbadlytreatedbyher,layontheicesothatthewarmthofhisbodywouldmeltaholethroughwhichhecouldcatchthefish.Therightkindoffishappearedandsherecovered.Thestepsonwasrewardedbyachangeinhisstepmothersbehaviortowardhim.Thereareseveralotherstorieswithsimilarthemes.Aboyinwintertimeneededfreshbambooshootsforhismother.Heweptinabamboogroveandmiraculouslybambooshootscameup.[#23] Itisinterestingthatallofthesestoriesoftherelationshipbetweenmotherandsonconcernfood,anditistheyoungonewhofeedstheolderone.Thesecondlargestgroup(fivestories)concernsmiddleagedsonswhohaveattainedhighrankandwhocontinuetoshowtheirfilialpietybymaintainingacloserelationshipwiththeirmothers,asshownbyintimatebodycare,cleaningthetoilet[#24],tastingstoolformedicaldiagnosis[#16],ortastingmedicine[#2]. Inthethirdgroup(fourstories)ayoungsonenduresphysicalsufferingforanagedparent.Onesonwarmedhisfathersbedinwinterwithhisownbody[#19]andanotherexposedhisbodytomosquitobitesinsummertoprotecthisfather[#11].Onesonrescuedhisfatherfromattackbyatiger[#14]andonesoldhimselfintoslaveryinordertoburyhisfather[#6].FromaWesternpointofview,thesesonsservetheirfathersinamasochisticway.Twostoriesdealwithhowachildcomfortsorentertainshisparents. Intwootherstories,ason,confrontedwithachoicebetweenhisparentsandhischildorhiswife,choosesinfavoroftheparent. Twostoriesshowhowayoungmanworksveryhardtosupporthisparents,whileanotherstorydescribeshowasonenduredmistreatmentfromhisstepmotherwhodeniedhimwarmclothinginwintertime.Whenhisfatherdiscoveredthesituationthesonbeggedforgivenessforhisstepmother,whorewardedhimwithkindertreatment[#4].Intheirbriefanalysis,Tzeng&Hsuobservethatfilialpietyisexpectedtodevelopinachildfromabouttheageofthreeorfour,andthatexplicitlyfilialactsareexpectedtocontinuethroughoutlife,evenafterthechildbecomesaparenthimself(p.29). Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page16a.Sexoftheprotagonistb.Kinsmantowardwhomfilialityisexpressedc.Theoccurrenceofanaturalorsocialmiracled.Periodinwhichprotagonistissaidtohavelivede.AgeoftheprotagonistatthetimeofthestoryA.TheDataBaseInordertoexaminethedifferencesbetweentheconceptualizationoffilialpietypresentedbytheoriginalTwentyfourExemplarsofGuJìngandthoserepresentedbythestoriesaddedinourownera,IassembledallthevariantcollectionsIcouldfindinTaiwan.(Thesearelistedinthebibliography.)Insomecasesthecollectionsincludedthirtysixratherthantwentyfourtales.Onevolumeincludedseventytwo.Whenthesamefilialexemplarwasdiscussedindifferentbooks,thelanguageusedwasdifferentexceptinexactreprintsoftheYuándynastyoriginal,but,asnotedearlier,therewasvirtuallyneverachangeintheelementsIwascoding,despiteconsiderableexpansionofthestoriesinsomeofthemoreverbosemodernretellings.25ThedataIreportbelowareseparatedforthreecollectionsoftales,which,takentogether,total134filialvirtuosi.ThethreecollectionsaredesignatedYuán,Qng,andROC.YuánreferstotheoriginalTwentyfourFilialExemplars.ngreferstotheonlyvolumeinmyTaiwancollectionthatclearlyoriginatesintheperiodbetweenYuánandthe1911Revolution.TheworkinquestionisWángJìnshngsTheGirlsIllustratedTwentyFourExamplesofFilialPiety(ÈrshísìxiàoTúshu).Thiswork,whichisprivatelyreprintedinTaipeiandhascirculatedfreeintemples,hasaprefacedated1871,andanother,specificallyasecondedition,dated1894.ItdiffersinseveralwaysfromtheYuáncorpus(withwhichithasnostoriesincommon),butmostconspicuouslyinselectingonlyfemaleprotagonists.Althoughthevolumeisinteresting(andidiosyncratic)inanumberofways,itisofmarginalinterestinunderstandingfilialityinmodernTaiwan.Indeed,thefactthatonlyfiveofthesearefoundinlatercollectionssuggeststhattheyhavenotfoundalastingaudience,despitetheavailabilityofanewreprint.ngisincludedherelargelybecauseissuggeststhattheTaiwanadditionsarenottheonlydirectionthegenrehastaken.(Otherstoriesofwomenfaithfulto 25TheonlyexceptionwasthestoryofZngShn(#3).SomebooksfollowGuJìngandrecountananecdoteinwhichhismother,suddenlyrequiringhisassistance,bitesherfinger.ZngShn,atworkindistantfields,feelspainbecauseofhiskinshipconnectionwithhismotheris,afterall,afleshandbloodone,andhehurriestoherside.SomeotherbooksrecountinsteadataleofZngShnsrelationshipwithhisfather,basedonapassageintheConfucianCanoninwhichConfuciusprovidesacritiqueofZngsbehavior.Thesewerecodedasthoughtwodifferentexemplarswereinvolved.TheonlybookthatincludedbothstoriesinitsaccountofZngShnwascodedashavingoneadditionalstoryforthisreason. Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page18Table1;NUMBEROFSTORIESWITHVARIOUSOBJECTSOFFILIALPIETYKinsman Yuán ng ROC All Mo11(46%)7(29%)36(39%)53(40%)Fa&Mo6(25%)0(00%)15(16%)22(16%)Fa4(17%)6(25%)22(24%)29(22%)HuMo1(04%)8(33%)2(02%)11(08%)SMo1(04%)0(00%)1(01%)2(01%)Fa&SMo1(04%)0(00%)4(04%)4(03%)FaMo0(00%)0(00%)2(02%)2(01%)HuFa&HuMo0(00%)1(04%)1(01%)2(01%)HuMo&HuFaMo0(00%)1(04%)1(01%)1(01%)Other0(00%)1(04%)7(08%)8(06%)Total24(100%)24(100%)91(100%)134(100%)Ingeneral,althoughthereisanincreaseintherangeofkinsmentakenasobjectsoffilialattentionintheROCcorpus,therelativeproportionsoffathersandmothersstaysurprisinglystable:Therearealotmoremothersthanfathers.Theissueiscleareryetwhenwedisaggregatetheindividualparents,allowingmorethanoneobjectoffilialityperstory.Thetotalnumberofkinsmenthenclimbsto172,asshowninTable2.Table2:OBJECTSOFFILIALPIETYTAKENSEPARATELYKinsman Yuán ng ROC All Mo17(58%%)7(26%)53(45%)77(45%)Fa11(35%)7(26%)44(37%)59(35%)HuMo1(03%)10(37%)4(03%)14(08%)SMo2(03%)0(00%)6(05%)8(04%)HuFa0(00%)1(04%)2(02%)3(02%)FaMo0(00%)0(00%)2(02%)2(01%)HuFaMo0(00%)1(04%)1(01%)1(01%)EBr280(00%)1(04%)1(01%)2(01%)FaFa0(00%)0(00%)2(02%)2(01%)FaFaFaFa0(00%)0(00%)1(01%)1(01%)SFa0(00%)0(00%)1(01%)1(01%)FasformerWi0(00%)0(00%)1(01%)1(01%)Wetnurse0(00%)0(00%)1(01%)1(01%)Total31(100%)27(100%)119(100%)172(100%)ThewholeoftheYuáncorpusisaccountedforbyfilialactstowardfourkintypes:mother,father,stepmother,andhusbandsmother.TheROCcorpus,ontheotherhand,involvesthirteendifferentkinshiprelationships.Thisispartly,perhaps,becauseitissomuchlarger,andpartlybecauseofmodernizingeffortsonthepartsofsomeeditorswhohavedeliberatelysoughttocoverawiderrangeofkinshiprelations.Ishallarguethatthiswiderrangeofkinshiprelationshipsisrelatedtoashiftinhowfilialpietyisviewedbymoderneditors.Nevertheless,theROCcorpusislargelytraditionalforallthat,sinceninetypercentofallitsobjectsoffilialattentionstillfallintothesamefourkintypesthataccountedfortheYuáncollection. 28Thevirtuepracticed(andemotionexperienced)byayoungersiblingtowardanolderbrotheristì,notxiào.Theconceptualizationissimilar,however,whichmayaccountfortwotalesofobedienceandloyaltytoanolderbrotherfindingtheirwayintoourcollection. Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page20speakers,stressesthatfilialpietyisadutywhichisowedregardlessofhowunworthytherecipientoffilialattentionmaybe.TheinclusionintheROCstoriesofabelovedwetnurse,however,suggeststhatthemoderneditormaytendtoseefilialpietyatleastpartofthetimeasanemotion,ratherthanasaduty.Asanemotion,itisreadilyextendedtoanyonewhosebehaviortowardthefilialchildhasbeenparental,whileasadutyitisstrictlyappropriateonlytopeopleintheformalstatusofparent(orhusbandsparent).Thewetnurse(andtoalesserdegreethefathersformerwifeandtheolderbrothers)inthelatercollectionsclearlyextendfilialpietybeyondthestrictlyboundedrealminwhichitisjurallyappropriate.ThetendencyisnotobtrusiveintheROCcorpus,butitisfarcommonerthanineitheroftheearliercorpora.Theimportanceofthisisthatfilialpietyasanemotionassumesavoluntarycharacterthatitlacksasaduty,andasthishappens,itlosesitsqualityasafeatureofthecosmos.ThisinterestingshiftisonlyprefiguredinROCpersonnel.Thepointisclearerwhenweturntomiracles.C.MiraclesAnotherfeatureofinterestintheoriginalTwentyfourExemplars,asinmanyotherpopularChinesestories,istheresponsivenessofthenonhumanworldtothemoralactionsofhumanbeings.Chinesepopularthought(asmanifestedinfolktales,sectariansocietyrevelations,andthelike)holdsthatthevirtuesextolledbyclassicalsagestheeightvirtueswespokeofearlier,forexamplearenomereproductsofasocialcontract,butareofmorecosmicproportionsandcharacter:inevitableandeternalbehavioralcodesarticulatedbyChinesesagesbutinherentintheNatureofThingsandrelevanttoallpeopleinalltimesandplaces.Thus,althoughChinesedescriptionsoffilialpietymaymakeitseemextremeincomparativeethnographicperspective,itisauniversalfoundationstoneofallcivilizedsocietyasviewedfromwithinthetraditional(istic)Chineseworld.IntheTwentyfourExemplars,thisisdemonstratedbythetendencyoftheworld,bothhumanandnonhuman,toberesponsivetofilialacts,anddramaticallyresponsivetoextravagantfilialacts.Inlaterstories,however,themiraculoussideoffilialityisdiscounted,andfilialityismoreoftenrepresentedasproceedingfromaprotagonistsmasteryofculturalconvention,ratherthanfromhisinevitablecosmicduty.Incodingmiraclesinthestories,Ihavedistinguishedbetweensocialmiraclesandnaturalmiracles,i.e.,betweenthosewhichdoanddonotinvolvehumanbeingsasprimaryresponders.Anaturalmiracleisoneinwhichasupernaturalbeingappears,oroneinwhich,asaresultofafilialactbyahumanbeing,thecosmosrewardshimbyaclearviolationoftheusualorderofthings.HereisthefulltextofthetaleofMèngZngmentionedearlier(#23),oneofthemostpopularintheYuáncorpus:MèngZngoftheThreeKingdomsperiodwasalsocalledngw.Hisfatherdiedwhenhewassmall,andhismotherwasveryill.Onewintershelongedtoeatasoupmadewithboiledbambooshoots.Znghadnomeanstogivehersuchathing,andhewentouttothebamboogrovewhere,seizingabamboostalk,hewept.Hisfilialpietymovedheavenandearth.Inamoment,theearthcrackedopenandmanystalksofbambooshootsappeared.Hegatheredthemandreturnedhometomakesoupforhismother.Whenshehadeatenit,sherecovered. Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page22MiracleYuánngROCNatural7.5(31%)12(50%)12(12%)Social5.5(23%)2(08%)9(11%)None11(46%)10(42%)70(77%)HaspopularcultureinTaiwanmadethistransitiontodemythologized,emotionoretiquettebasedfiliality?Oraretheeditorswhoselectdemythologizedtalespeddlingakindofmodernitythatissomewhatoutofstepwithpopularthought.Thequestionistooabstractforevidencetobeeasilyidentified.34Onesmallbitofevidence,however,suggeststhatpopularenthusiasmforthemiraculoustalesisgreaterthanmoderneditorsmightimagine.35ThesurveyofrecentgravesmentionedearlierincludedstatisticsonthefrequencyofindividualYuánstoriesothersarenotusedongraves.Althoughthesampleisaverymodestone,itclearlyshowsthatbothnaturalandsocialmiraclesareselectedforrepresentationongravesatnolowerafrequencythantheirrateofrepresentationintheYuáncorpus,indeedataslightlyhigherfrequency:MiracleNumberPercentNumberPercentTypeofYuánofYuánofgraveofgravetalestalestalestales---------------------------------------------------------Natural33%1130%Social25%1233%both4%11%neither38%25%Total24100%36100%Thegravepanels,inotherwords,donotrepresentthesamemodernizinganddemythologizingtrendthatisrepresentedintheROCtalecorpus.Totheextentthattheselectionoftalesforinclusioningravedecorationmayberelatedtohowsalientpeoplefeelthemtobe,thereappearstobequiteclosecontinuitybetweenthispopularconceptionoffilialpietyandfilialpietypresentedbytheYuántalesasacosmicimperative.Ididnotcollectstatisticalmaterialoncontemporarytempledecoration,eventhoughmostnewtemplesdoincludescenesfromtheYuáncollection,butmystrongimpressionisthatthecorrelationinthecaseoftemplesisevenstrongerthaninthecaseofgraves,withdecoratorsdeliberatelyselectingstoriesbecauseoftheirmiraculouscontent.ThemodernizingimpulseoftheeditorsoftheROCcorpus,then,isprobablysomewhatoutofharmonywithatleastonecomponentofthepublicthatappreciatesthisgenre.Continuingthelineofinterpretationthatseesthesemiraclesasiconic,theconclusionwouldbethatconsumersofthetales,oranywaythoseuserswhotakethemseriouslyenoughtousethemaspiousartisticmotifsongravesandtemples,arenot(yet)involvedinthe 34Iwasunabletogetcomparativesalesordistributionfiguresondifferentcollections,butthesewouldseemtodependmoreonotherelements,suchasprice,languagelevel,andillustrations,thanontheparticularselectionsoftales.SincemostcopiesofTwentyfourExemplars,ThirtysixExemplars,andsoonseemtobeboughtbyparentsforchildren,itisnotclearhowmuchthebuyersarescreeningtheactualcontentofdifferenteditions.35ThereisaprovocativebutunfortunatelyonlyslightcorrelationintheROCcorpusbetweenolderprotagonistsandsocialmiracles,asagainstyoungerprotagonistsandnaturalmiracles.Thecasesarefew,however,andthesamecorrelationdoesnotholdwhentheothertwogroupsoftalesareincluded.ThistypeofcorrelationmayormaynotholdoverChinesepopularmiracletalesingeneral. Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page24includeamuchlargerproportionofmiddleagedfilialchildrenthantheYuánstoriesdid.Herearethefigures:36ProtagonistsAge Yuán ng ROC Child9(38%)3(13%)9(10%)Youth5(21%)10(42%)29(32%)Adult7(29%)11(46%)50(54%)ElderlyPerson3(13%)0(00%)3(03%)Total24(100%)24(100%)91(100%)Miracletalestendtoinvolvechildrenratherthanadultsasprotagonists,butitseemsimprobablethatdemythologizingprovidesthereasonforthegreaternumberofolderpeopleinROCstories.37Moreprobablythequestfordocumentationandtheuseofrealhistoricalfigureshasresultedincasesthatareknowntodaybecausetheiradultfriendswerestruckbytheirfilialityandwroteaboutit,whilethefilialityofchildrenoneknowshasatmosttimesnotstruckwritersasappropriatesubjectmatterforseriouswriting.(Thisisthemoretruegiventhatparentsfeelvirtuouschildrenshouldnotbepraisedintheirhearinglestitmakethemproud.)Theselectionofoldermodelsmayarguablyalienatethestoriesfromtheirchildreaders,butitprobablydoesnotrepresentachangeintheconceptualizationoffilialpiety.F.PhysicalInjuryAmongthefeaturesthatstrikewesternreadersofChinesemoralitytalesaretheinstancesofpersonalinjury.Ifoundthesedifficulttocode.Foronething,riskdoesnotalwaysresultininjury,eventhoughitindicatesanindifferencetoinjurywherefilialityisinvolved.Foranotherthing,manytalesturnuponthefilialchildsacrificinghischildrenorhissocialpositiononbehalfofhisparents.(OneYuánheroproposestoburyhischildinordertoaffordtofeedhismother;another,likeseveralROCimitators,givesupanofficialposttotendanailingmother.)Itseemsarguablethatthesacrificeinvolvedinsuchanactisatleastasgreatasthesacrificeoflettingmosquitoesfeastononeschildishbodywithoutbrushingthemawaylesttheybiteaparent.Ingeneral,physicalinjuryratesarelowerthanmightbeexpectedinacorpusoftalesoffilialsacrifice(Yuán17%,Qng33%,ROC10%),butthesmallvariationbetweentheYuánandROCcorporaisalmostcertainlynotsignificant.Onthecontrary,thereseemstobecontinuityonthiscriterion.38Thenumberofdifferentfilialactsrepresentedinthetalecollectionsis,ofcourseenormous.However,thestabilityoftherateofphysicalinjuryconfirmsmyintuitivesensethatthegeneralrepertoireoffilialacts,despitethegreaternumberanddetailofthe 36Itisoftendifficulttoascertaintheageofafilialchildatthetimeofthestory,sinceitisonlysometimesexplicitlystated.Icodedaschildrenthoseindividualswhoseemedtobefullydependentonparents,asyouthsthosewhoseemedcapableofadultactivitiesbutwhowereapparentlynotyetmarried.Icodedmarriedpeopleasadultsratherthanelderlypeopleiftheywerenotexplicitlydescribedaselderly.37BothintheROCtales(p0.05)andinthewholedataset(p0.02)thereisasmallcorrelationbetweentheage(childyouthasagainstadultelder)andwhetherornotamiracleoccursinthetale.38TheQngstoriesshowmorecasesofpersonalinjury,butunliketheROCcollection,thesearetheproductofasingleeditorwhoseinventivenessinselectingonlyfemaleprotagonistssuggeststheworksidiosyncrasy.Therearenostatisticallysignificantcorrelationsbetweenphysicalinjuryandanyothercodedfeaturesofthestoriesforanyofthecorporaorforthetotalityoftales. Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page26AppendixI:TheTwentyFourFilialExemplars(TheoriginalversionofthisarticleincludedafulltranslationoftheYuándocumentasanappendix.Thatappendixisomittedhere,sinceaslightlyrevisedversionincludingtheChinesetextisavailableonmywebsiteat:http://anthro.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/scriptorium/xiao/xiaointro.htmlOnefootnoteonthetaleofDngLán(#23)issomewhatabbreviatedthere.39Becauseoftheomissionofthetranslationfromthisdocument,remainingfootnotesheredonotcorrespondtothenumberingintheprintedversion.)AppendixII:DataTableofFilialExemplarsandCodesSexObjectofInjurySources¶NameEra*PietyMiracleAge§_______________________________________________________________________________nGbcdghmroShífFMdrBàoChijrCàiJngdrCàiShùnabcdghmCàiXingjrCàiYngcdhmrCáoÉdfkrChénDngmíngGmdrChénKijrChénshìHmChénshìWángqHmChénShijrChénSàoirChénYíbcdhijmrChénYùyánFMdrChénZhshHmkrChéngRuìliánCuMidkrCushChúnyúTíyíngdfijrDàiMàndr 39Thisistheonestorywhichsomemoderneditorsrewrite,apparentlyinordertoavoidthedivorce.Inacoupleofretellingsinmycollection(LínShùlíngetal.1984:145[sourceg]andZhòngwén1984:126130),thewifeseesthestatuesreact,isgriefstricken,reforms,andisforgivenratherthandivorcedbyherhusband.Inoneelaboratelyillustrated,heavypapereditiondesignedforyoungerchildren,(ZhnYìjn1975:vol8,pp.1015),aneighborswife,cometoborrowsomething,scoffsatDngLánswifeatherdevotionsbeforethestatues.DngLánswife,angered,refusestolendherwhatshewants.Theneighborswifereturnshomeandsendsherhusbandover,whosneersandbeatsthestatueswithhisstick.DngLánreturns,seestheweepingstatues,hearsthetale,andstabstheneighbortodeath.Themagistrate,ratherthanpunishinghim,commendshimasafineexampleoffilialpiety. Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page28ShnMíngkrShnBirShnYúnyngbcdghijmrShùndì(r)FMysabcdghmSìShàokngbcdghmrSòngRénzngd(r)krnshìWúqHmnYFMijrTánshìFMabdgTánZàndrTángfrénHmabdgTáoKFMbcdhmrWángLánzhWángPóuabdgWángRùnbcdhmrWángshìChénqHfHmcdhmrWángshìXiàqHfHmWángshìZhàoqHmWángSngFSmkrWángXiángSmabdgWángYuándrWángZhngdrWénZhng&WénXiàoFMijrWúMnggFMabdgWúsìxingdiFMdijrWúYkukrXioMíngcànhrXièDìngzhùcdmrXièXioéXuWén&XuHuàlcdhkmrXúnGuànbcdhmrxiàozdrYánYìngyòucdhmrYángqrénFMjrYángXingabdghYángXiùzhYélXliàngMGfcdmrngKoshbcdghkmrYóuXnjídrQiánlóuabdgYuèFbcdghmrYuèKFGfcdhmrngSh(Fa)cdhmrngSh(Mo)abdgZhnShFEbZhngDàgudrZhngFijrZhngJúhuFSmijrZhngqrénkr Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page30AlternativeName NameUsedHere nZho*sisterofnGù*BàoWénfngBàoChCàiBójiCàiYngCàiDunCàiXingCàiJnzhòngCàiShùnChénJnhéChénKnChénTángqiánWángshìChénqChénXiàofChénshìngKèjingChúnliángFànZxunFànXunGùJiàngGùYánwGùNíngrénGùYánwGùTínglínGùYánwGùZngGùTìHuMùlánHuàMùlánHuángFúwngHuángTíngjinHuángLzhíHuángTíngjinHuángShngHuángTíngjinHuángTngwngHuángTíngjinHuángWénjiàngHuángXingJingCìwngJingGéJingJièshíJingZhngzhèngJingJùxiàoJingGéngZhòngníngQingzngQioLáizLáishìLìngbóMìLiúHéngHànWéndì(r)LùGngjìLùJìMáoJìwiMáoRóngMèngGngwMèngZngnZhèngzhinZhnnZqinnSnnnrénnYuèShàokngSìShàokngTánzTánshìTáoShìxíngTáoKnWángWiyuánWángPóuWángXizhngWángXiángXioSháLiángWdì(r)XioYnLiángWdì(r)XièWànchéngzhqshìXièqyea(=deaf;surnameunknown)xiàozYánXiàoxinYánYìngyòuYáoChónghuáShùndì(r)YélMíngfYélXliàngYélSùxunYélxliàngYuèPéngjYuèFiYuèSùzhYuèK Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page32SourcesCitedSection1:EditionsofFilialityTalesCHÉNRuìlóng1982Huìtúsnshíliùxiào.(Illustratedthirtysixexemplarsoffilialpiety.)Fèngshn:ShìfngChnshè.{notseparatelytabulated}[StoriesareidenticalwiththoseofWúYánhuán,butareretoldanddifferentlyillustrated.]CHÉNXiàngyáng1975Xiàodàozhzhn.(Acompassneedleforthefilialway.)igng:ZholièTáng.(5thedition,revised.){notseparatelytabulated}[Containsoriginal24tales,retold,theXnzhuàncollectionseeLínShùlíngetal.anewtextfortheClassicofFilialPiety(XiàoJng),aputativelyXnzhuàntextcomposedentirelyoffemaleexemplars,revelationsofthegoddessMconcerningfiliality,&c.]CHÉNXiàngyáng(ed)1985Xiàodào.(Thewayoffilialpiety.)Táizhng:ShèngxiánZázhìshè.2ndedition.(Firstedition,1974){notseparatelytabulated}[Containsoriginal24tales,plusXùzhuànandXnzhuàncollectionsseeLÍNShùlíng,etal.andothermatterrelatingtofilialpietybutnotformulatedonthemodeloftheTwentyfourExemplars.]CHÉNZhàoqí(ed.)1983nshíliùxiào.(Thirtysixexemplarsoffilialpiety.)Taipei:HuáySh.{sourcem}[Containstheoriginalcorpusplus12miscellaneousstoriesthatarealsofoundinothercollections.]n.d.nXiàojnghuìtúgùshiquánjí.(CompletecollectionofoldtextsofillustratedstoriesrelatedtotheClassicofFilialPiety.)Kowloon/Jilóng:DànánShdiàn.{notseparatelytabulated}[Containsrewrittentextsoftheoriginalcorpus,plusadditionalcollectionsoffilialtalesthatdonotfollowthetwentyfourorthirtysixformat.] Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page34SHÈNGL1975Xiàoqnbojiàn.(Preciousmirrorsoffiliality)Taipei:ShènglZázhìshè.{notseparatelytabulated}[Containsoriginal24talesplussupplementaryessays,includingessaysbyschoolchildren.]Huá1974Èrshísìxiàogùshi.(Twentyfourstoriesoffilialpiety.)Taipei:WénhuàTúshngs.6volumes.{notseparatelytabulated}[Containstheoriginalcorpus,rewritten.]Shàngyào1978ihoháizidegùshi.(Onehundredstoriesofgoodchildren.)Taipei:WénhuàTúshGngs.Tenvolumes.{nottabulatedinthisresearch}[Containsahundredtalesofgoodasopposedtostrictlyfilialchildren,includingsometalestakenfromthe24and36corpora.]WÁNGJìnshngn.d.(1972)èrshísìxiàotúshu(Thegirlsillustratedtwentyfourexemplarsoffilialpiety.)Taipei.Privatelyreprinted.{sourcef}[Firstprefacedated1871;secondeditionprefaced1894.Contains24taleswithfemaleprotagonists,notoverlappingwithoriginalcorpus.]WÚYánhuán1979nshíliùxiào.(Thirtysixexemplarsoffilialpiety.)Taipei:GuólìBinyìgun.{sourcec}[Contains36talesthatdonotoverlapwithoriginaltales.In1983thistext,withoneortwosmallcorrectionsandillustrationsposedbymodels,waswidelymarketedbythesamepublisherinaboxedsetwiththreesimilarworksbythesameauthor:Thirtysixexamplesofloyalty(zhng),Thirtysixexamplesofbrotherlylove(tì),andThirtysixexamplesoffidelity(xìn).]NBI1984nbinèrshísìxiàodegùshi.(Newlyeditedtwentyfourstoriesoffilialpiety.)Táoyuán:LiánhóngChnshè.{sourcei}[Containsadistinctivecollectionof24tales.]YÁNGYnwén&PéngSùfng(eds.)n.d.Èrshísìxiào,qinzìwén.(Thetwentyfourexemplarsoffilialpiety&thethousandcharacterclassic.)Taipei:RénlèiWénhuàShìyèGngs.{notseparatelytabulated}[Originalcorpus,annotated,boundwiththeThousandCharacterClassic.] Jordan:FolkFilialPiety:TwentyFourFilialExemplarsRevisedAugust8,2005page36Yìyuán1977Xiàozàixiàndàishèhuìtuíngzhdào.(Thewaytopromotefilialityincontemporarysociety.)LiánhéBào,April5,1977.Reprintedinhis1978Xìnyngywénhuà.(Beliefandculture.)Taipei:JùliúTúshGngs.Pp.253261.LINYutang1968Mycountryandmypeople.Revisedillustratededition.Taipei:MeiYaPublications.(Firstedition,1939.)MAKRA,MaryLelia(tr.)1961TheHsiaoQng.NewYork:St.JohnsUniversityPress.MATIGNON,J.J.936LaChinehermétique:superstitions,crimeetmisère.Paris:PaulGeuthner.MOTE,FrederickW.1972ChinaspastinthestudyofChinatoday:somecommentsontherecentworkofRichardSolomon.JournalofAsianstudies32:107120.SOLOMON,RichardH.1971MaosRevolutionandtheChinesePoliticalCulture.Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress.TZENG,Wenhsing&JingHSU1972TheChineseattitudetowardparentalauthorityasexpressedinChinesechildrensstories.ArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry26:2834.WÚShìfng1984Táiwnmínjinzngjiàohùnhézhìkoyuán.(AninquiryintotheoriginsofsyncretisminthefolkreligionofTaiwan.)Taipei:GnlnWénhuàJnhu.ZHNGQíyún1973Zhngwéndàcídin.(GreatChineseDictionary.)Yángmíngshn:ZhnghuáXuéshyuàn.