Temperature Soil Water Biological Performance abundance growth survival Temperature Soil Water Light Low High 100 75 50 25 0 Growth Figure 201 Ecological Climatology 2008 G Bonan ID: 600070
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Slide1
Soil Water
Temperature
Soil Water
Biological Performance
(abundance, growth, survival)
Temperature
Soil Water
Light
Low
High
100%
75%
50%
25%
0 %
Growth
Figure 20.1
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide2
Oak
Northern Pine
Spruce
27
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
500
1000
1500
2000
500
500
1000
1000
1500
1500
2000
2000
Annual Precipitation (mm)
Annual Precipitation (mm)
Annual Precipitation (mm)
July Temperature (
o
C)
30
40
0
10
30
20
0
10
20
30
20
10
30
0
10
20
20
30
40
20
10
30
0
0
10
0
Figure 20.2
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide3
600
1000
1400
1800
2200
Annual Precipitation (mm)
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
Annual Mean Temperature (
C)
0.01
0.1
0.7
0.8
0.1
0.01
Probability Of Occurrence
Figure 20.3
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide4
Shade Tolerance
High
Low
Drought Tolerance
High
Low
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Shade Tolerance
High
Low
Drought Tolerance
High
Low
Decreasing Maximum
Growth Rate
Biomass
Low
High
Soil Moisture
Wet
Dry
1
6
10
13
15
Biomass
Low
High
Soil Moisture
Wet
Dry
1
6
10
13
15
Figure 20.4
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide5
0
5
10
15
20
25
01-Oct-63
31-Oct-63
30-Nov-63
30-Dec-63
29-Jan-64
28-Feb-64
29-Mar-64
28-Apr-64
28-May-64
27-Jun-64
27-Jul-64
Number Of Main Roots
Wheatgrass
Cheatgrass
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Sparse
Moderate
Dense
Density Of Cheatgrass
Number Of Survivors (per m
2
)
Height (cm)
Density - June
Density - October
Height - June
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Maximum Root Length (cm)
Wheatgrass
273
Cheatgrass
Wheatgrass
49
224
Cheatgrass
Wheatgrass
136
136
Cheatgrass
Wheatgrass
224
49
Cheatgrass
273
Number Of Plants
Figure 20.5
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Field B
Field C
Litter C:N Ratio
10
20
30
40
50
60
Nitrogen Addition (g
m
-2
yr
-1
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
30
25
Net Carbon Storage (g C
g N
-1
)
Fields B, C
Nitrogen Addition (g
m
-2
yr
-1
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Field B
Field C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
C
4
Biomass (%)
Nitrogen Addition (g
m
-2
yr
-1
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30Field BField C
Species Richness10051520Nitrogen Addition (g m-2 yr-1)Figure 20.6Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide7
0
20
40
60
80
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Elevation (m)
Percent Of Stand
American beech
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Elevation (m)
Percent Of Stand
Yellow poplar
Yellow birch
Mountain silverbell
Sugar maple
White basswood
Yellow buckeye
Figure 20.7
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide8
Figure 20.8
0
20
40
60
80
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Elevation (m)
Percent Of Stand
Blackjack oak
Virginia pine
Pitch pine
Scarlet oak
Table mountain pine
Chestnut oak
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide9
F
B
SF
ROC
CF
P
OH
ROC
ROC
OCF
OCF
OCF
OCF
OCH
P
B, beech forest
Xeric
Dry
Moderately dry
Mesic
Cold
Moderately wet
CF, cove forest
F, Fraser fir forest
HB
GB
OCH, chestnut oak-chestnut (dead) heath
OH, oak-hickory forest
P, pine forest and heath
ROC, red oak-chestnut (dead) forest
SF, spruce-fir forest
OCF, chestnut oak-chestnut (dead) forest
GB, grassy bald
HB, heath bald
H, hemlock forest
OCH
OCH
H
H
H
OH
OH
SF
1981 m (6500 ft)
1676 m (5500 ft)
Figure 20.9
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide10
1
10
100
0
5
10
15
20
Species Rank
Percent Of Stand
Beech forest
Cove forest
Yellow
buckeye
Beech
Mountain silverbell
White basswood
Sugar maple
Yellow birch
Hemlock
Yellow buckeye
Sweet birch
Yellow
birch
Mtn silverbell
White ash
Striped maple
Red maple
Chestnut (dead)
Figure 20.10
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide11
Red Oak-
Pignut HickoryForest
White Basswood
Pitch
Pine
Heath
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
Virginia
Pine
Forest
Table
Mountain
Pine Heath
Grassy Bald
White Oak-
Chestnut Forest
Chestnut Oak-
Chestnut Heath
Chestnut Oak-
Chestnut Forest
Red Oak-
Pignut Hickory
Forest
Cove Forests
Hemlock Forest
Beech Forest
Mesic Type
Sedge Type
Coves
Flats
Draws
Sheltered
Slopes
Open Slopes
Ridges And
Peaks
Canyons
Ravines
Mesic
Xeric
Elevation (feet)
Heath
Bald
Red Oak-Chestnut Forest
20
10
1
Chestnut Oak
Pitch
Pine
Heath
Virginia
Pine
Forest
Table
Mountain
Pine Heath
Grassy Bald
White Oak-
Chestnut Forest
Chestnut Oak-
Chestnut Heath
Chestnut Oak-
Chestnut Forest
Red Oak-
Pignut Hickory
Forest
Cove Forests
Hemlock Forest
Beech Forest
Mesic Type
Sedge Type
Coves
Flats
Draws
Sheltered
Slopes
Open Slopes
Ridges And
Peaks
Canyons
Ravines
457
610
762
914
1067
1219
1372
1524
1676
1829
1981
Mesic
Xeric
Elevation (meters)
Heath
Bald
Red Oak- Chestnut Forest
1
5
5
1
10
20
10
Eastern Hemlock
Pitch
Pine
Heath
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
Virginia
Pine
Forest
Table
Mountain
Pine Heath
Grassy Bald
White Oak-
Chestnut Forest
Chestnut Oak-
Chestnut Heath
Hemlock Forest
Beech Forest
Sedge Type
Coves
Flats
Draws
Sheltered
Slopes
Open Slopes
Ridges And
Peaks
Canyons
Ravines
Mesic
Xeric
Elevation (feet)
Heath
Bald
Red Oak-Chestnut Forest
0.5
1
1
10
10
20
Pitch
Pine
Heath
Virginia
Pine
Forest
Table
Mountain
Pine Heath
Grassy Bald
White Oak-
Chestnut Forest
Chestnut Oak-
Chestnut Heath
Chestnut Oak-
Chestnut Forest
Red Oak-
Pignut Hickory
Forest
Cove Forests
Hemlock Forest
Beech Forest
Mesic Type
Sedge Type
Coves
Flats
Draws
Sheltered
Slopes
Open Slopes
Ridges And
Peaks
Canyons
Ravines
457
610
762
914
1067
1219
1372
1524
1676
1829
1981
Mesic
Xeric
Elevation (meters)
Heath
Bald
Red Oak-Chestnut Forest
Red Maple
10
5
5
20
10
5
50
1
Chestnut Oak-
Chestnut Forest
Cove Forests
Mesic Type
Figure 20.11
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan