Trukhin,A.N.Plaudis,A.E..InvestigationofintrinsicluminescenceofSiOSovP - PDF document

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chemistryandcrystalinformationwhentryingtodeter-minetheactivatorpresentbyobservingtheluminescenceemissionspectra. Theanalysisofluminescencespectraofionicspeciesinmineralsandmaterialscanbeenhancedbytheabilitytoinspectmajorandminorlinesintheluminescencedata-base.Understandingofthefactorsthatcontrollumines-cenceactivationandquenchinginmineralsandmaterialsisalsopossiblebystudyingshiftsinpeakpositionandinten-sitywithstructuralvariation.Thisisimportantwherenewmineralsormaterialsarebeinganalyzed.Continuingdevel-opmentsintheunderstandingoftheoriginoflinesandspectralfeatureswillaidinthequantificationoflumines-cencespectroscopy.Throughtheuseoftheluminescencedatabase,additionalinsightintothechemistrycanbegainedandbycombiningwithothertraditionalX-raymeasure-mentscollectedonthesameregion,willresultinfasterunderstandingofmineralsandmaterials.Thewealthofinformationpresentedinthisluminescencedatabaseindi-catesthatalargenumberofresearchgroupsroutinelyemployluminescenceanalysisasakeymacro-andmicro-characterizationtechniqueinthestudyofmineralsandmaterials.AsubsequentarticlewilldescribesoftwaretoolsandWebaccesstothedatabase.ItistheauthorÕsintentiontomakethedatabaseeasilyaccessibleandprovideaprocedureforexternaluserstoaddnewlinesandspectrafromminer-alsandmaterials. TheauthorswishtothankMarkPowncebyandGrahamSparrowfortheirinternalreviewingofthemanuscript.EFERENCES Anicete-Santos,M.,Orhan,E.,deMaurera,M.A.M.A.,Si-moes,L.G.P.,Souza,A.G.,Pizani,P.S.,Leite,E.R.,Varela,J.A.,Juan,A.,Beltran,A.Longo,E..Contributionofstructuralorder-disordertothegreenphotoluminescenceofPbWOPhysRevB,165105.Awazu,K.Kawazoe,H.moleculesdissolvedinsyntheticsilicaglassesandtheirphotochemicalreactionsin-ducedbyArFexcimerlaserradiation.JApplPhys,3584Ð3591.Balberg,I.Pankove,J.I..Cathodoluminescenceofmag-netite.PhysRevLett,1371Ð1374.Barbarand,J.Pagel,M..Cathodoluminescencestudyofapatitecrystals.AmMineral,473Ð484.Benstock,E.J.,Buseck,P.R.Steele,I.M..Cathodolumi-nescenceofmeteoriticandsyntheticforsteriteat296and77KusingTEM.AmMineral,310Ð315.Bhagwat,U.A.,Sastry,M.Kulkarni,S.K..Greenluminescencefromcopperdopedzincsulphidequantumparti-ApplPhysLett,2702Ð2704.Bhalla,R.J.R.S.B.White,E.W..Polarizedcathodolumi-nescenceemissionfromWillemiteSiOsinglecrys-JApplPhys,2267Ð2268.Bhalla,R.J.R.S.B.White,E.W..CathodoluminescencecharacteristicsofMn-activatedwillemiteSiOsinglecrystals.JElectrochemSoc,740Ð743.Bol,A.A.,Ferwerda,J.,Bergwerff,J.A.Meijerink,A.LuminescenceofnanocrystallineZnS:CuJLumin,325Ð334.Bulanyi,M.F.,Klimenko,V.I.,Kovalenko,A.V.Polezhaev,B.A..DefectstructureandluminescencebehaviourofZnS:Mncrystals.InorgMater,436Ð439.Burns,G.,Geiss,E.A.,Jenkins,B.A.Nathan,M.I.fluorescenceingarnetsandothercrystals.PhysRevCan,N.,Townsend,P.D.,Hole,D.E.,Snelling,H.V.,Balle-steros,J.M.Afonso,C.N..Enhancementoflumines-cencebypulselaserannealingofion-implantedeuropiuminsapphireandsilica.JApplPhys,6737Ð6744.Cesborn,F.,Blanc,P.,Ohnenstetter,D.Remond,G.Cathodoluminescenceofrareearthdopedzircons.I.Theirpossibleuseasreferencematerials.ScanningMicroscSupplChandrasekhar,B.K.White,W.B..Polarizedlumines-cencespectraofkunzite.PhysChemMiner,433Ð440.Chapoulie,R.,Bechtel,F.,Borschneck,D.,Schvoerer,M.Remond,G..Cathodoluminescenceofsomesyntheticcalcitecrystals.Investigationoftheroleplayedbycerium.ScanningMicroscSuppl,225Ð232.Chen,W.,Su,F.H.,Li,G.H.,Joly,A.G.,Malm,J.O.Bovin,J.O..TemperatureandpressuredependenciesoftheMnanddonor-acceptoremissionsinZnS:Mnnanoparticles.JApplPhys,1950Ð1955.Choi,H.W.,Jeon,C.W.,Dawson,M.D.,Edwards,P.R.,Martin,R.W.Tripathy,S..MechanismofenhancedlightoutputefficiencyinInGaN-basedmicrolightemittingdiodes.JApplPhys,5978Ð5982.Choi,S.H.,Park,C.O.,Park,H.S.,Park,S.H.K.Yunc,S.J..Cathodoluminescenceandphotoluminescenceproper-tiesofCaSthinfilmcodopedwithPbandCu.JElectrochemSoc,H184ÐH187.Crabtree,D.F..Cathodoluminescenceoftinoxidedopedwithterbium.JPhysD:ApplPhys,22Ð26.D’Almeida,T..Cathodoluminescencedesionsdeterrasraresdanslesfluoruresalcalinoterreux:utilisationcommesondelocaledetemperatureetapplications.ThesededoctoratdelÕUniversitedeReimsChampagne-Ardenne.Unpublished.Derham,C.J.,Geake,J.E.Walker,G..Luminescenceofenstatiteachondritemeteorites.Nature,134Ð136.Díaz-Guerra,C.,Piqueras,J.Cavallini,A..Time-resolvedcathodoluminescenceassessmentofdeep-leveltransi-tionsinhydride-vapor-phase-epitaxyGaN.ApplPhysLettDorenbos,P..AnomalousluminescenceofEuininorganiccompounds.JPhysCondensMatterColinM.MacRaeandNicholasC.Wilson quartzandSiOstudies,arangeoftermssuchasDefect,Non-BridgingOxygenHoleNBOHC,Oxygen,Self-TrappedExciton,andAlOhaveallbeenusedtodescribetheintrinsicluminescenceandarerecordedinthedatabase.Historically,whereamineralhashadsignificantinterestandstudy,suchasdiamond,thenothertermshavebeenintroducedtodescribetheluminescenceorigin.IndiamondtheusualdesignationofcenterintheinfraredspectraislabeledA,whiletheusualdesignationsoftheluminescenceandabsorptioncentersarelabeledH3,S3,andGR1.Thesehaveallbeenrecordedwithinthelumines-cencedatabase.Oneofthekeypointsthatluminescencedatabasedem-onstratesisthatmanyactivatorschangetheiremissionwavelengthorenergydependinguponthestructuretype,symmetry,andassociatedatom,thusreflectingthelocalcrystalfieldinformation.Forexample,theactivatorYbhasbeenstudiedinarangeofmaterials,andpeakshiftinghasbeenattributedtolocalcrystalsymmetryDorenbos,.Thisillustratestheimportanceofknowingthelocal Table2.Continued MaterialIdentificationActivationTemperatureMethodSiOonnanoSiORoomUVRoomUVRoomUVZnOÑ387,RoomSEMthinfilmSndopedÑ405RoomSEMthinfilmAldopedRoomSEMDefect430RoomSEMSelf-activatedcenter399RoomSEMÑ600RoomSEMBandgap346RoomPLRoomPLRoomSEMnanocrystalCu460RoomLRoomL4SEMRoomSEMDefect42640PLDefect433275PLDefect520RoomPLEu518RoomLRoomL275PL40PLRoomPLMn-Mnpair700,ZnSeÑ477,ÑSEMÑ459ÑUVGorbunovetal.KarakusGurumuruganetal.Manfredottietal.DorenbosKobayashietal.Linetal.Singhetal.Choietal.Odinetal.PetrovZorenkoetal.Tiginyanuetal.D’az-Guerraetal.Sunetal.Gruberetal.JadwisienczakandLozykowskiLozykowskietal.Choietal.Martinetal.Kominamietal.Anicete-Santosetal.Saparinetal.Guzzietal.SkujaandTrukhinGriscomWangetal.KoyamaSkujaetal.Nishikawaetal.Friebeleetal.Canetal.PottandMcNicolMcKnightandPalikSkujaetal.Stevens-Kalceffetal.Stevens-KalceffTohmonetal.AwazuandKawazoeMunekunietal.Skujaetal.SigelandMarroneLinetal.Linetal.Meietal.Hichouetal.Toyamaetal.Bulanyietal.Xuetal.Bhagwatetal.Boletal.Chenetal.Godlewskietal.LuminescenceDatabase Table2.Continued MaterialIdentificationActivationTemperatureMethodKBrYbRoomÑKIYbRoomÑRoomÑLiSrAlFRoomÑMgTiOOdefect410RoomUVRoomUVTiORoomUVRoomUVPbWOÑ540RoomLRbClYbRoomÑSiC-6HpolytypeAl500RoomSEMB700RoomSEMBe600RoomSEMDefect520RoomSEMSc570RoomSEMSiOIntrinsic460300UVSeealsoTable1,QuartzSirelatedcenter460ÑUVDefect636ÑUVIntrinsic451,ÑOMIntrinsic288,ÑUVIntrinsicLowOHhighOHRoomSEM873ÑGe400293UV873Ñcenter459ÑSEMImpurity415Interstitialoxygen1273,ÑUVInterstitialoxygen1278,290SEMOxygendefect282,290SEMOvacancy459RoomLÑUVNBOHC620,NBOdefect653STE470ÑUVSTE539Ñ400Ð800RoomSEMÑ649ÑSEMÑ558,ÑOMÑ310Ð620,ÑUVSrAlFRoomÑSrBRoomÑClYbRoomÑClYbRoomÑSrClRoomÑSrFRoomÑSrFBrYbRoomÑSrFClYbRoomÑMgSi:Eu,DyEuRoomPLRoomÑClYbRoomÑ-SrRoomÑSrS:CuÑ530RoomOMcontinuedColinM.MacRaeandNicholasC.Wilson Table2.LuminescenceLines,Activators,Temperature,andTechniqueforMaterials MaterialIdentificationActivationTemperatureMethodnanoceramicÑ288,RoomSEMAnionvacancies517RoomSEMRoomSEMRoomSEMAlNErRoomSEMÑ413RoomSEMBaFBrYbRoomÑBaFClYbRoomÑRoomÑRoomÑBaTiOIntrinsic465RoomSEMRoomÑCaFBrYbRoomÑRoomÑMgSiRoomÑClYbRoomÑCaSYbRoomÑCaS:AsÑ615RoomOMCaS:CuÑ475RoomOMCaS:Pb,CuCuRoomOMCaS:Pb,CuCuRoomUVSiSÑ481,LNSEMCdSÑ488,LNSEMSidopedÑ494,LNSEMCdSeÑ685,LNSEMSidopedÑ719,LNSEMCdTeÑ886RoomSEMDefect1033RoomSEMÑ789,LNSEMCdTeSidopedÑ786,LNSEMCsBrEu290OMGaPIntrinsic827RoomSEMhexagonalDonor-acceptorpair365,85SEMExciton355,85SEMNearbandedge365RoomSEM11OMmajorlines11OM11OMÑ420,RoomSEMÑ425,87SEMhexagonal411SEM411SEM411SEMInPIntrinsic886RoomSEMInGaNÑ430Ð490RoomSEMInNInGaNIntrinsic360Ð480RoomSEMcontinuedLuminescenceDatabase Table1.Continued MineralIdentificationActivationTemperatureMethodWollastoniteCrRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomSEMRoomÑZircon300ILZrSiO205SEMRoomÑRoomL205SEM205SEMRoomL300IL205SEM205SEMRoomL300ILIntrinsic230,205SEMIntrinsic590RoomÑIntrinsic590RoomL300IL205SEMSiO300ILSiORoomL205SEM205SEMRoomL205SEMZirconiaTiORoomSEMZoisiteRoomLSiORoomLRoomLRoomLGotzeetal.DorenbosPottandMcNicolGuoetal.TarashchanGaftetal.MarshallMedlinGeakeetal.MooreandKarakusLaudetal.MarianoandRingBarbarandandPagelKempeandGotzeGaftetal.PortnovandGorobetsRoederetal.MarfuninLeverenzKarakusandMooreEremenkoandKhrenovBurnsetal.Chapoulieetal.Habermannetal.WalkerandBurleyLeeetal.Masonetal.MedlinHabermannHabermannetal.Schulmanetal.CrabtreeLoferskietal.Karakusetal.PonahloHanusiakandWhiteYacobiandHoltGotzeetal.SmithDerhametal.FinchandKleinSippelandSpencerKempeetal.DÕAlmeidaBenstocketal.Walkeretal.GotzeWalkeretal.ChandrasekharandWhiteBalbergandPankoveMarianoEdgingtonandBlairTelferandWalkerVuetal.FernandezandLlopisKarakusetal.KarakusGarciaetal.Marianoetal.LuffandTownsendHolnessandWattRichteretal.Stevens-KalceffandPhillipsGrantandWhiteRemondetal.Hashimotoetal.TrukhinandPlaudisYangandMcKeeverJonesandEmbreeMcKnightandPalikItohetal.GritsenkoandLisitsynCanetal.Hirataetal.PonahloHagniWalkeretal.BhallaandWhiteFinchetal.Cesbornetal.ColinM.MacRaeandNicholasC.Wilson Table1.Continued MineralIdentificationActivationTemperatureMethodMoORoomLRoomLRoomLRoomOMRoomLRoomLRoomOMRoomLRoomOMRoomLRoomRoomLSellaiteRoomÑSmithsoniteÑ650RoomÑSodaliteRoomLRoomLRoomOMRoomOMÑSEMLiAlSiRoomLRoomXLStrontianiteRoomOMSrCORoomÑRoomOMRoomÑRoomOMRoomÑRoomOMRoomÑRoomOMSylviteKClRoomÑThoriteRoomLThSiORoomLRoomLRoomLTitaniteRoomLCaTiSiORoomLRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomLTopazRoomLSiORoomLWillemiteSiORoomSEMWitheriteRoomÑcontinuedLuminescenceDatabase Table1.Continued MineralIdentificationActivationTemperatureMethodPyropeSiORoomLPyrophylliteÑ400RoomSEMQuartzDefect380RoomSEMSiODefect470RoomSEMSeealsoTable2,SiONBOHC620Ð650,RoomSEMOxygenVacancyRoomSEMorbital420RoomSEMIntrinsic175,Intrinsic423295SEMIntrinsic477Impurity387center385Nonbridgingoxygen653AssociatedwithAl-O-AlbondsÑTLSTE477ÑUVSTE477,ÑSEMSTE56480OMSTE456,80SEMholetrap468holetrap381center290,center397295SEMExtrinsic504295SEMExtrinsic496Ñ400,ÑSEMÑ450,RoomSEMÑ505,585RoomOMÑ564RhodochrositeMnCORoomLRhodoniteRoomLRorisiteRoomÑRubyRoomLSapphireRoomSEMRoomÑRoomOMRoomSEMF-center340RoomSEMF-center415RoomÑRoomLRoomSEMScheeliteCr420Ð470RoomÑCaWORoomOMRoomLRoomLRoomOMRoomLRoomLcontinuedColinM.MacRaeandNicholasC.Wilson Table1.Continued MineralIdentificationActivationTemperatureMethodIntrinsic475RoomOMRoomOMMuscoviteKAlÑ680RoomFNacriteRoomSEMNeighboriteNaMgFRoomÑOldhamiteCeRoomOMCa,Mg,FeSMnRoomOMOligoclaseMnRoomOMNa,CaSi,AlRoomÑRoomOMOtaviteMn595RoomÑPectoliteMnRoomLNaCaRoomLPegmatiteApatiteOH,F,ClRoomÑPericlaseCrRoomOMMgOCrRoomSEMRoomOMRoomSEMRoomUVIntrinsic526,RoomOMIntrinsic450RoomSEMFcenter520RoomSEMcenter390RoomSEMLatticedefect400Ð500RoomOMRoomOMRoomSEMPhononassisted790,LNSEMZerophonon588RoomOMRoomSEMPlagioclaseCuRoomÑNa,CaRoomOMÑ420RoomÑRoomÑRoomOMRoomXLRoomÑRoomÑPyrochloreDyRoomLCa,NaRoomLPyromorphiteCeRoomLClEuRoomLRoomLRoomLcontinuedLuminescenceDatabase Table1.Continued MineralIdentificationActivationTemperatureMethodÑ410,296TEMÑ693,LNTEMFrancoliteRoomL,COLNLRoomLGarnetRoomLRoomLRoomLHaliteAg249RoomÑNaClCu358RoomÑRoomÑHardystoniteRoomLZnSiRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomLHiboniteRoomOMCa,CeAl,Ti,MgRoomOMRoomOMHydroxylapatiteIntrinsic420RoomSEMRoomSEMHydrozinciteRoomLRoomLJadeiteAl,FeRoomÑKaoliniteRoomSEMRoomSEMKunziteLiAlSiRoomLKyaniteRoomLSiORoomOMLabradoriteRoomOMCa,NaSi,AlRoomOMRoomOMLeucophaneRoomLNaCaBeFDyRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomLMagnesiteIntrinsicRoomOMRoomOMRoomÑMagnetiteIntrinsic387,RoomOMMonticelliteSmRoomOMÑ525RoomÑMulliteCrRoomOMRoomOMcontinuedColinM.MacRaeandNicholasC.Wilson Table1.Continued MineralIdentificationActivationTemperatureMethodIntrinsic430120SEMRoomSEMRoomLIntrinsicRoomSEMRoomLRoomLÑ450,RoomÑFluoriteRoomSEMRoomLRoomSEMRoomLRoomSEMRoomLÑSEMÑSEMRoomSEMRoomLRoomOMSm595RoomLinCasite622RoomLinCasite573,RoomLFe425RoomÑRoomSEMRoomLRoomÑRoomLRoomÑIr405RoomÑMcenter725,RoomLRoomXLRoomLRoomÑRoomÑRoomLRoomSEMRoomLRoomÑSm567,RoomÑRoomLRoomÑRoomLRoomÑRoomÑRoomÑRoomÑÑ407,RoomÑFluoroapatiteEuRoomOMFEuRoomOMRoomÑForsterite296TEMSiOLNTEMLatticedefect428,RoomOMRoomOMRoomTEM20SEMcontinuedLuminescenceDatabase Table1.Continued MineralIdentificationActivationTemperatureMethodCristobaliteIntrinsic450RoomOMSiOIntrinsic445173ÑDanburiteCeRoomLSiORoomXLRoomLRoomLRoomXLDatoliteCeRoomLSiORoomXLRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomÑDiamondBandA443Ð517RoomSEMCDislocation439.7RoomSEMDislocation42589SEMN388.9RoomSEMNeutralvacancy740.2RoomSEMAcenter452RoomLH3center520RoomLIntrinsic380Ð600,RoomLS3center519RoomLGR1center794LNLDiasporeRoomLDickiteRoomSEMDiopsideMn585,RoomÑTi415RoomÑDolomiteMnRoomSEMinCasiteRoomSEMinMgsiteRoomSEMRoomSEMÑ640,RoomÑEnstatiteMnRoomÑMgSiOÑ400,RoomILEsperiteCeRoomLSiORoomLFeldsparAl-O-Al380Ð500RoomSEMK,NaRoomLCo430RoomÑRoomÑRoomÑRoomLRoomLRoomÑRoomLRoomLRoomSEMRoomLRoomSEMRoomÑRoomLcontinuedColinM.MacRaeandNicholasC.Wilson Table1.Continued MineralIdentificationActivationTemperatureMethodBoehmiteRoomLCalciteCeRoomLLNSEMRoomSEMRoomSEMRoomLRoomLinCasite618RoomLinCasite575RoomLRoomSEMRoomSEMRoomLRoomUVRoomXLRoomÑRoomLRoomSEMRoomLIntrinsic400RoomSEMRoomSEMRoomLRoomLDefectcenter520RoomOMIntrinsic420,RoomÑÑ545,RoomSEMÑ580LNSEMÑ578RoomSEMÑ670RoomUVÑ605RoomÑCassiteriteIntrinsic475RoomLSnORoomOMSrSORoomÑChalcociteCd90SEMSIntrinsic90SEMCharoiteCeRoomLNaCaF.3HOEuRoomLChlorapatiteRoomÑCollophaneDyRoomOMOH,F,ClRoomOMRoomOMRoomOMChrysoberylBeAlRoomOMColquiriteRoomÑCorundumCrRoomOMIntrinsic400Ð450,RoomOMcontinuedLuminescenceDatabase Table1.Continued MineralIdentificationActivationTemperatureMethodRoomSEMIntrinsic345,RoomSEMRoomSEMRoomOMRoomLRoomXLRoomÑRoomLinCasite569RoomLinCasite583RoomLRoomLRoomOMRoomLLNLsitesiteRoomLRoomSEMRoomÑRoomLRoomSEMRoomÑinCasitewithDyRoomLinCasite545RoomLRoomLRoomLLNLRoomLApophylliteRoomLKCaF.8HRoomLRoomLAragoniteRoomTLRoomÑBaddeleyiteAnion-vacancy500RoomOMRoomUVLNUVRoomLRoomUVRoomLBariteRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomÑBenitoiteRoomLBaTiSiTiORoomLBerylRoomÑBeAlRoomLRoomÑRoomÑRoomÑRoomLcontinuedColinM.MacRaeandNicholasC.Wilson Table1.LuminescenceLines,Activators,TemperatureandTechniqueforMinerals MineralIdentificationActivationTemperatureMethodAlbiteDyRoomSEMNaAlSiRoomSEMRoomSEMRoomSEMAlforsiteRoomÑ873Ñ873ÑÑ443RoomSEMAmazoniteKAlSiRoomÑAnhydriteRoomLRoomÑRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomÑRoomLRoomLRoomLRoomÑRoomLRoomLRoomÑAnorthiteRoomÑRoomÑRoomOMRoomOMRoomOMRoomÑRoomÑRoomOMApatiteRoomSEMRoomLRoomÑsite360RoomLsite430RoomSEMRoomLRoomÑRoomSEMRoomLRoomSEMRoomLRoomOMRoomUVRoomÑRoomSEMRoomLinCasite589,RoomLinCasite574,LNLcontinuedLuminescenceDatabase excitedtothegroundstate.Somesampleswillshowanincreaseinintensitywithdecreasingtemperature.Whilepeaksshapesarenarroweratlowertemperatures,theycanalsoshiftwithtemperatureLozykowskietal.,1999.Theluminescencedecaytimecanalsoalteratlowtemperatures;forexample,incalcitetheMnpeakhasameasurablyshorterdecaytimeatlowertemperatureMasonetal.,Temperatureisnottheonlymechanismthatcanaffectpositionsandintensitiesofluminescentlines.Somecathod-oluminescencemeasurementsperformedusingintenseelec-tronbeamscancausedisruptionwithinthemineralormaterialbysuchprocessesasheating,sputtering,orionmigration.Thesedisruptionscanleadtomodifiedspectraandsometimestorapiddecreasesinintensitywithtimeofbombardment.Somespectramayhavebeencollectedwithlongdwelltimesleadingtotherecordingofonlytheslowdecayprocessesasthefasteroneshavebeenextinguished.SpectracollectedonbeamsensitivematerialscanbedoneroutinelywithautomatedcollectionsystemsLeeetal.,2005;MacRaeetal.,2005COPEOFTHE Theluminescencedatabaseencompassesanextensiverangeoflinesfrommineralsandmaterialsthathavebeenre-portedintheliterature.Previously,anumberofsmallertableshavebeenconstructedbuttheseusuallyfocusedonspecificmineralsormaterialsMarshall,1988;Yacobi&Holt,1990;Stevens-Kalceff&Phillips,1995;Pageletal.,2000;Gaftetal.,2005.Whilethedatabasepresentedhereisnotexhaustive,itnonethelessprovidesapowerfulresource.Thelinesinthedatabasearelistedasgiveninthecitedpublicationsand,whenreported,thefullwidthathalfmaximumofthepeakhasalsobeenlistedinbracketsaftertheline.Inaddition,forpublicationsthatdidnotreporttheFWHMbutgavespectra,wehavemeasuredandincludeditwherepossible.Effectsnotrecordedinthedatabasebutthatmaymodifytheluminescencespectraincludeluminescentde-cay,polarization,andtemperature.Whiletheseallprovideadditionalinformationaboutthematerial,theyareoutsidethescopeofthedatabase,whichisaimingtoprovideonlyaninitialidentificationoftheline.Ingeneral,thesamplesanalyzedbycathodolumines-cenceinthisdatabasewerecarbon-coatedpolishedsections.Itisworthnotingthatthesecarbonfilmshavetheabilitytochangeintensityofcathodoluminescencepeaks.Further,thetypesofopticalcomponentssuchasmirrors,lenses,fibers,andopticalspectrometersemployedtomeasuremanyoftheluminescencespectrawerenotnecessarilycorrectedfortheiropticalresponse,andthiscanleadtoshiftsinthemaximumintensityofpeaksandtheirshape.ErrorsindetectionofluminescenceforUVemittingmaterialsmayalsohaveariseninsomemeasurementsduetotheuseofglassinmanyolderstylespectrometersystems.GlasshasstrongabsorptionofUV,andemissionlowerthan350nmisdifficulttoobserve. Theluminescencedatabaseisstructuredtoprovidelumi-nescenceinformationonanextensivelistofmineralsTable1andnonmineralsTable2.Informationprovidedincludestheparticularelementalormolecularactivatorioniccharge,experimentaltemperature,techniqueem-ployedtomeasuretheluminescence,andtheassociatedreference.Adeterminationofthelineintensity,wherepossible,hasalsobeenmadetoaidintheinterpretationofluminescencespectra,withmajorlineslistedinbold.WhenavailabletheFWHMofthelinehasbeenincluded;however,ifthelineisnonsymmetric,ameasureofthebandwidthisrecorded.Inallcasesthereferencetothelineorbandisincluded,whichinmostcasescontainsoriginalspectraandfurtherinterpretation.Whereverpossibleanumberoflu-minescencetechniquesphotoluminescence,cathodolumi-nescence,ion-luminescence,thermalluminescence,andprotonluminescencehavebeenincludedforeachmineralandmaterialtoprovidetheresearcherwitharangeoftechniquesofferingdifferingsensitivitiesandresolutions.Thisshouldaidinthedeterminationofcrystalfieldinfor-mationregardingthecoordinationoftheactivatoranditsioniccharge.Thisisparticularlyimportantwherequantita-tivespectroscopicluminescencestudiesarebeingunder-takenHabermann,2002.Inaddition,theinstrumentaltechniqueusedtoexcitetheluminescenceisrecorded,whereknown.Forexample,cathodoluminescencehasbeencategorizedintoscanningelectronmicroscopy,opti-calmicroscope,transmissionelectronmicroscope,whilephotoluminescencehasbeendividedtoUV,laserinduced,photoluminescence.Othermethodsrecordedarethermalluminescence,protonorionluminescence,andX-rayexcitedluminescenceWhereemissionisknowntobecathodoluminescenceinoriginbutunknowninstrumentally,ithasbeenlistedasOMcathodoluminescence;similarlywherethephotolumi-nescenceisunknownindetail,itislistedsimplyasphotoluminescence.Wheresitespecificinformationaboutthelocationoftheionicspeciesisdescribed,ithasbeenincluded.Forexample,berylcanbeactivatedbyCrintwospecificsitesandthesegiverisetodifferentlinesSimilarlyEuincalcitecansitinoneoftwoCasitesreferredtoasCaandCagivingrisetodifferentpeakpositions.Wheretheactivatorisnotsimplyanionicspeciesbutaformofintrinsicexcita-tion,thenadditionalinformationabouttheoriginoftheluminescencehasbeenincludedwhereitiscommonlyemployed,e.g.,quartzactivators.InthewidenumberofColinM.MacRaeandNicholasC.Wilson leveldopantsandtheirvalence,thehostlattice,andquench-ingions.Thissensitivityresultsinluminescenceprovidingextremelyusefulcharacterizationinformation,butitsinter-pretationismoredifficultthanthatofcharacteristicX-rays.DopantIonsMineralsandmaterialsoftencontainopticallyactivedop-antsions.Generallythereareconsideredtobethreetypesofdopantionsthatinfluenceanddeterminethenetemissionofaparticularmineral.Theyarereferredtoasactivators,sensitizers,orquenchers.Activatorsproduceemissionbyreleasingtheabsorbedenergyasphotons.Themostcom-monactivatorsaretransitionmetalionssuchasCr,Mn,Sn,Pb,FeGotze,2002,andrareearthMarfunin,1979.Sensitizersareionsthatworkincombinationwithanactivatorbyabsorbingtheenergyandsubsequentlytransferringtheenergytotheactivator.Quench-erstrappartoralloftheabsorbedenergyresultinginnonradiativedecayoftheenergy.Asaresult,quencherstendtoeliminatetheemissionoflightfromminerals.Thepresenceofthequenchercausesnewcloselyspacedenergylevelstobesetup,andtheelectroncaneasilyreturntothegroundstatewiththeemissionofasuccessionoflow-energyphotonsorbylosingenergytothelatticeasheatMarshall,1988.Anexampleofawell-recognizedquencherioninmineralsisFeTypesofEmissionLuminescenceemissionisgenerallygroupedintotwotypes:intrinsicandextrinsic.Intrinsicluminescenceisnativetohostmaterialsandinvolvesband-to-bandrecombinationofelectronandholepairs.Intrinsicluminescenceemissionmayalsobeassociatedwithlatticedefectsanionvacancieswithinthemineralsormaterial.ThistypeofluminescenceisalsoreferredtoasÒdefectcenterÓluminescence.Thesecondtypeofemission,referredtoasextrinsic,isthemostcommonformofluminescence.Extrinsicemissionisattrib-utedtothepresenceoftraceelementimpurities,transitionmetal,andrareearthions.ThistypeofluminescenceisreferredtoasanÒimpuritycenter.ÓTheemissionprocessinvolvesanelectronictransitionfromanexcitedstatetoalowerenergylevelorgroundstate.Whenanelectronbeaminteractswithasurfaceandproduceslight,thisprocessisknownascathodolumi-nescence.Similarly,anionbeaminteractingwithasurfaceandproducinglightisoftenreferredtoasionluminescence.Emissionoccurringwhenaphotonbeaminteractswithasurfaceisreferredtoasphotoluminescence,andforX-raybeamstheprocessisreferredtoasroentgenoluminescence.Cathodo-andphoto-luminescencearethemosteffectivemethodsofobservingtheglowofminerals,roentgenoluminescenceandionluminescenceplay-ingalesserrole.Thecathodoluminescenceacquiresaddi-tionalimportanceinconnectionwiththeuseofX-raymicroanalyzerinwhichanelectronprobeinducestheglowofluminescentmineralsandsyntheticmaterialsPageletal.,2000;MacRae&Miller,2003GenerationofLuminescenceCathodoluminescencecanbeobservedwithavarietyofelectronbeaminstrumentsPetrov,1996.OnesimpletypeofinstrumentistheelectronbeamfloodgunthatmountsdirectlyontotheopticalstageofapetrographicmicroscopeMarshall,1988.Anotherapproachistomountaspectrom-eterontoascanningelectronmicroscope.Thistypicallycollectslightwithamirrorthatisusuallyonaretractablearm,andthelightismeasuredusingagrating-typespec-trometerKatonaetal.,2004;Vernon-Parryetal.,2005morerecentapproachistointegratecathodoluminescencecaptureintoanelectronprobemicroanalyzerusingtheexistingcollectionopticsandtoemployanopticfibercoupledtoaCCDspectrometertomeasurethelumines-cenceMacRaeetal.,2001,2005;Edwardsetal.,2003.Allthesecollectionsystemsmeasurecathodoluminescencewithdifferinglateralandspectroscopicresolutions.Theyeachhavetheirownbenefitsandvirtues.Photoluminescencespectracanbeinducedbymono-chromaticlightinthebandoftheionabsorptionorbymeansofUVradiationwithaspectrumnecessarytoexcitetheionabsorptionbands.Ultravioletradiationisnecessarytoexcitetheionuptoenergylevelslyingabovetheemissionlevel,whichisusuallyinthevisibletonearIRregionMarfunin,1979OtherEffectsLuminescencelifetimeordecaytimecanprovideinforma-tiononthenatureofthecenterandisameasureofthetransitionprobabilityfromtheemittingstate.Thetransi-tionprobabilityisuniqueforeachcenterandthereforecanbeusedtodifferentiatecenters.Time-resolvedluminescencespectrahavebeenstudiedusingpulsedorchoppedelectronorlaser-inducedexcitationandlockinamplifierscoupledtospectrometerstomeasurethedecayspectraGortonetal.,1997;Pageletal.,2000;Edwardsetal.,2003;Meranoetal.,2005Polarizedluminescencehasbeenobservedwithcathod-oluminescence,andthiscanenhancedifferentiationofmineralsandmaterialsandoffersinformationaboutsitesymmetriesoftheluminescencecentersGorzetal.,1970;Chandrasekhar&White,1992.Thedatabasedoesnotindicatewhethermineralsormaterialshavepolarizedemis-sion.Onlyafewstudieshaveconsideredthiseffect;forexample,informationonpolarizationhasbeenstudiedinsilicatesBhalla&White,1970,1972;Gorzetal.,1970;Chandrasekhar&White,1992;Remondetal.,2000,andKiflawi&Lang,1974Theintensityofluminescencevariesasafunctionofsampletemperature.Typically,temperaturequenchingoftheluminescencearisesathightemperaturebecauseoftheincreasedprobabilityofnonradiativetransitionfromtheLuminescenceDatabase ©MICROSCOPYSOCIETYOFAMERICA2008 CharacteristicX-raylinesresultfromcoreleveltransitions,whilethegenerationmechanismforluminescenceismorecomplex.CharacteristicX-raysarelargelyunaffectedbybondingasthecoreorbitalsdonottakepartandthereforeaparticularelementaltransitionisindependentofthehostlattice.However,theluminescenceemissionissensitivetomaterialcompositionandstructureofthehostlattice,be-causeitoriginatesfromeffectssuchasconductiontova- Mineralsandmaterialscanluminescencewhentheyareexposedtoanelectron,X-ray,ion,orphotonbeam.Lumi-nescenceisgenerallyassociatedwithlightintheultraviolettoinfrared LuminescenceDatabaseI—MineralsandMaterialsColinM.MacRae*andNicholasC.WilsonCSIROMinerals,MicrobeamLaboratory,BayviewAvenue,Clayton,Victoria3168,AustraliaAbstract:Aluminescencedatabaseformineralsandmaterialshasbeencompliedfromtheliterature,theaimbeingtocreatearesourcethatwillaidintheanalysisofluminescencespectralofionicspeciesinmineralsandmaterials.Thedatabaseisbasedonarangeofexcitationtechniquesandrecordsbothmajorandminorlines,andtheiractivators.Theluminescencetechniquesincludedinthedatabasearecathodoluminescence,ion