Friends! Veterinary medicine is a highly respected and compassionate profession. However, - PowerPoint Presentation

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Friends! Veterinary medicine is a highly respected and compassionate profession. However, its contributions are largely unappreciated because our colleagues have been too busy serving the public to publicize their contributions to animal and human health, animal welfare, food safety and food security

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Veterinary Public Health andZoonosesDr. Nicole Seng Lai Giea

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Recent zoonosesBSEHendra virusNipah virusMenangle viral infectionSARS

RVF ( never seen outside Africa before 2000, outbreaks in Arabian peninsula in 2000)HPAI

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Important zoonoses in MalaysiaRabiesJENipah virus

Brucellosis

Contagious

ecthyma

Meliodosis

tuberculosisLeptospirosisToxoplasmosisSalmonellosisStaphylococcal infectionOrnithosisCat scratch diseaseDermatomycosisErysipelothrixCampylobacteriosisDirofilariosisSporothrichosisQ-feverinfluenzamonkeypox

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Veterinary Public HealthIs seen by WHO “ as a linkage between veterinary medicine and human healthAim: promote the well being, protect and improve the quality of life

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VPH“ the contribution to the complete physical, mental and social well being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary medical science ”(WHO, 1999)

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What can we do for you?

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Food production

Transportation

&

Working activities

Animal products

eg

: clothing

Recreation

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ZoonosesThose infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animal and manAnimals act as reservoir for causative agents

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Zoonoses impactsAffect well-being of man – morbidity, mortality, and anxietyLoss of animals—dead, culled, destroyedLoss of productivity – prevent eficient production of foodObstacles to international trade in animals and animal products

Social and economic losses

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Man and animal relationship

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AnthropozoonosisA zoonotic disease maintained in nature primarily by animal to animal transmission of the infectious agentrabies bovine tuberculosis

cat scratch disease

brucellosis

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Zooanthroponosisan infectious disease in which a disease causing agent carried by humans is transferred to other animalsIt may cause the same disease or a different disease in other animals

It can also be defined as a human-to-human infection with no animal vector

Zooanthroponosis

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Zooanthroponosisthe zoonoses include infectionn transmitted from humans to animals

human tuberculosis

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Amphixenosiszoonotic disease maintained in nature both by animal to animal and human to human transmission staphylococcosis, streptococcosis,

influenza

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Classification of zoonoses based on transmission mode1. Direct zoonosesRequire one vertebrate species to propagateV1 ---------------------V1No developmental change or propagation of the organism occurs during the transmission

eg: rabies, brucellosis

2.

Cyclozoonosis

Require at least two (2) vertebrate species, no invertebrate species

V1----------V2----------V1eg: taeniasis,

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3. MetazoonosisRequire a vertebrate and an invertebrate species , agents multiplies and/or develops in an invertebrate host before transmissionV1---------iv---------V1eg: babesiosis

4. Saprozoonosis

Requires a vertebrate species and an in inanimate object or a non-animal development site such as plants, soil, and foods

V1---------O---------V1

Mycotic

diseases

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Components of infectious disease processInfectious agentsReservoirsPortal of entryMode of transmissionHost immunity

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Infectious agents: an organism that is capable of producing infectionInfection: entry, development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animals, the result may be inapparent (subclinical) or shows clinical manifestation (infectious disease)Inapparent

infection: the presence of infection in the host without recognizable clinical signs or symptoms, they are usually detected through diagnostic test (host=carrier)

Infectious disease

: a clinical manifest disease o man or animal resulting from an infection

Communicable disease

:  an infectious disease transmissible  （as from person to person) by direct contact with an affected individual’s discharges or by direct means (as by a vector)Contagious disease : an infectious disease communicable by contact with one who has it, with a bodily discharge of such a patient, or with an object touched by such a patient or bodily discharge (indrect means)

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Infectious agentsBactria--anthrax, brucellosisVirus—rabies and influenzaParasit--Cysticercosis/TaeniasisRickettsia

Fungus--sporotrichosis

. 

Chlamydia--

psittacosis

Prion -- variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)

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Modes of transmission of infectious agentsDirectIndirectAir-borne

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Modes of transmission of infectious agentsDirect transmission: immediate transfer of an organism to receptive portal of entry in man through which infection may take placeDirect contact– touching, biting, scratchingDirect projection – projection of droplet spray onto conjunctiva or mucous membrane or mouth

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Modes of transmission of infectious agentsIndirect transmission: transmission of infectious organism from the source/reservoir through contaminated materials or objects or vectorsa. vehicle-borne – by any non-living(inanimate)

or objects (

fomites

) which serves as intermediate means by which the organism are transmitted to susceptible host

b. vector-borne- by living arthropod, such as insects , mites, ticks, fleas which transmit the infective form of agent to susceptible host b. I mechanical host b. II biological host

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Vector-borneMechanical host: Infectious agents are carried through its soiled feet or proboscis or by the passages o the agents in the GIT

Biological host:

Infectious agents undergo propagation/

multiplication ,cyclic development or a combination to become infective forms before they are transmitted

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AirborneDissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry, usually the respiratory tractMicrobial aerosolssuspensions of particles in the air or a long periods of time consisting of partially or wholly of microorganisms, some retaining and other losing virulence

Small size (1-5µm) are easily drawn into the alveoli

Droplet nuclei

dust

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Modes of transmission

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Reservoir ( of an infectious agent)Is the normal habitat in which the infectious agent lives, multiplies and grows that can be transmitted to a susceptible hostTypes of carrierInapparent carrierIncubatory carrier

Convalescent carrier

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Portal of entrySix portals in the bodyRespiratory tractConjunctivaUrogenital tract

GITSkin (intact, broken, abraded)

placenta

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Host immunity

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Host immunity

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Animals and me

Beneficial or hazardous

??

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What can you do?

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Functions of veterinarians and personals in VPHControl and prevention of zoonoses

Safety of foods of animal originsDisposal of animal wasteComparative medicine

Laboratory animal

Hazardous/toxic animal

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Functions of veterinarians and personals in VPHDiagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control, prevention and elimination of zoonoses Food protection,meat

inspectationM

anagement

of health aspects of laboratory animal facilities and diagnostic

laboratories

Biomedical research Health education and extension; and production and control of biological products and medical devices Other VPH core domains may include management of domestic and wild animal populations, protection of drinking-water and the environment, and management of public health emergencies

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ConclusionWe, the Vets, through our remit to facilitate and encourage veterinary development and services, we can improve the health and welfare of both human and animals