Blood flukes are parasitic flatworms that live in the bloodstream of the host The worm s interstitial fluids are isoosmotic to the host s blood so which of these isare true 1 only ID: 571919
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Slide1
0
Osmoregulation and ExcretionSlide2
Blood flukes are parasitic flatworms that live in the bloodstream of the host. The worm’s interstitial fluids are
isoosmotic
to the host’s blood, so which of these is/are true?
1 only3 only2 and 32 and 43 and 4
The worms lack flame bulbs, or have nonfunctional flame bulbs.
The worms have flame bulbs that are mostly active in performing
osmoregulation
.
The worms have flame bulbs that eliminate nitrogenous wastes.
The worms have flame bulbs whose role is to eliminate excess water that enters the worm by osmosis.Slide3
Blood flukes are parasitic flatworms that live in the bloodstream of the host. The worm’s interstitial fluids are
isoosmotic
to the host’s blood, so which of these is/are true?
1 only3 only2 and 32 and 43 and 4
The worms lack flame bulbs, or have nonfunctional flame bulbs.
The worms have flame bulbs that are mostly active in performing
osmoregulation
.
The worms have flame bulbs that eliminate nitrogenous wastes.
The worms have flame bulbs whose role is to eliminate excess water that enters the worm by osmosis.Slide4
Under which circumstance should reabsorption of water from kidney filtrate back into the bloodstream be most effective?
if neither ADH nor aldosterone is present in circulation
if both ADH and aldosterone are present in circulation
if ADH, but not aldosterone, is present in circulationif aldosterone, but not ADH, is present in circulationif renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone are present in circulation, but not ADHSlide5
Under which circumstance should reabsorption of water from kidney filtrate back into the bloodstream be most effective?
if neither ADH nor aldosterone is present in circulation
if both ADH and aldosterone are present in circulation
if ADH, but not aldosterone, is present in circulationif aldosterone, but not ADH, is present in circulationif renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone are present in circulation, but not ADHSlide6
Animals that can produce exceptionally concentrated urine should be expected to have nephrons with longer
1 only
3 only
1 and 21 and 4all four of these
descending limbs of the loops of
Henle
.
ascending limbs of the loops of
Henle
.
distal tubules.
proximal tubules.Slide7
Animals that can produce exceptionally concentrated urine should be expected to have nephrons with longer
1 only
3 only
1 and 21 and 4all four of these
descending limbs of the loops of
Henle
.
ascending limbs of the loops of
Henle
.
distal tubules.
proximal tubules.Slide8
Which two solutes become more abundant in the kidney medulla’s interstitial fluid as one progresses deeper into the medulla, and what is the significance of these two gradients?
urea and
NaCl
; interstitial fluids there become isoosmotic to bloodNaCl and KCl; this promotes maximal chloride ion retentionHCO3− and H
+
;
this produces pH-neutral interstitial fluids
urea and
KCl
; less urea is actually excreted than is possible
urea and
NaCl
; this promotes better retention of
waterSlide9
Which two solutes become more abundant in the kidney medulla’s interstitial fluid as one progresses deeper into the medulla, and what is the significance of these two gradients?
urea and
NaCl
; interstitial fluids there become isoosmotic to bloodNaCl and KCl; this promotes maximal chloride ion retentionHCO3− and H
+
;
this produces pH-neutral interstitial fluids
urea and
KCl
; less urea is actually excreted than is possible
urea and
NaCl
; this promotes better retention of waterSlide10
In kidneys, which hormone is most effective at causing increased numbers of aquaporins to be present in collecting duct epithelia, and what is the source of this hormone?
ADH; posterior pituitary gland
aldosterone; adrenal medulla
renin; kidneysaldosterone; adrenal cortexADH; kidneysSlide11
In kidneys, which hormone is most effective at causing increased numbers of aquaporins to be present in collecting duct epithelia, and what is the source of this hormone?
ADH; posterior pituitary gland
aldosterone; adrenal medulla
renin; kidneysaldosterone; adrenal cortexADH; kidneysSlide12
a
)
enhancement or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to itb)
movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.c) processes by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss.d) processes that cells and viruses use to regulate the way that the information in genes is turned into gene products.
Osmoregulation is
theSlide13
a
)
enhancement or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to itb)
movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.c) processes by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss.d) processes that cells and viruses use to regulate the way that the information in genes is turned into gene products.
Osmoregulation is
theSlide14
a
)
proximal tubuleb) loop of
Henlec) distal tubuled) collecting ducte) Malpighian tubules
Which of the following is not associated with the production of urine
?Slide15
a
)
proximal tubuleb) loop of
Henlec) distal tubuled) collecting ducte) Malpighian tubules
Which of the following is not associated with the production of urine
?Slide16
a
)
increase urine volumeb) decrease urine volumec) no effect on
urine volumeWhat effect would you expect the drug furosemide, which blocks transport of Na+ and Cl− in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, to have on urine volume
?Slide17
a
)
increase urine volumeb) decrease urine volume
c) no effect on urine volumeWhat effect would you expect the drug furosemide, which blocks transport of Na+ and Cl− in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, to have on urine volume
?Slide18
a) In mammals,
the
juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate urine, allowing mammals to eliminate waste without losing excess water.b
) In birds, the nephrons have loops of Henle that don’t extend as far into the medulla as those of mammals.c) In reptiles, the kidneys have only cortical nephrons and produce urine that is iso- or hypoosmotic to body fluid.d) Freshwater fish have kidneys containing many nephrons and produce filtrate at a high rate.e) Marine
bony fishes have more and larger nephrons than freshwater
fishes,
and their nephrons also lack a proximal tubule.
Which of the following is not an adaptation of the vertebrate kidney to diverse environments
?Slide19
a) In mammals,
the
juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate urine, allowing mammals to eliminate waste without losing excess water.b
) In birds, the nephrons have loops of Henle that don’t extend as far into the medulla as those of mammals.c) In reptiles, the kidneys have only cortical nephrons and produce urine that is iso- or hypoosmotic to body fluid.d) Freshwater fish have kidneys containing many nephrons and produce filtrate at a high rate.e) Marine
bony fishes have more and larger nephrons than freshwater
fishes,
and their nephrons also lack a proximal tubule.
Which of the following is not an adaptation of the vertebrate kidney to diverse environments
?Slide20
a
)
The walls of the heart release ANP in response to a decrease in blood volume and pressure.b)
ANP inhibits the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA).c) ANP inhibits the reabsorption of NaCl by the collecting ducts.d) ANP reduces aldosterone release from the adrenal glands.e) The regulatory role of ANP is under investigation.
Which of the following
statements
about atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP
) is incorrect?Slide21
a
)
The walls of the heart release ANP in response to a decrease in blood volume and pressure.b)
ANP inhibits the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA).c) ANP inhibits the reabsorption of NaCl by the collecting ducts.d) ANP reduces aldosterone release from the adrenal glands.e) The regulatory role of ANP is under investigation.
Which of the following
statements
about atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP
) is incorrect?Slide22
Scientific Skills ExercisesNine captured mice were housed in individual cages and given birdseed (10% water by weight) to eat. In
part
A of the study, the mice also had unlimited access to tap water; in part B of the study, they were not given any additional water for 35 days, similar to conditions in their natural habitat. For each mouse at the end of each part of the study, the researchers measured the
osmolarity and urea concentration of the urine and blood.Slide23
The table shows the data from the experiment. How does urine
osmolarity
compare between the two treatment groups?
a) Urine
osmolarity
is much higher in the mice with unlimited access to water.
b) Urine
osmolarity
is much higher in the mice given no water.
c) There
is
little
difference in
urine
osmolarity
between
the
two
groups
of
mice.Slide24
The table shows the data from the experiment. How does urine
osmolarity
compare between the two treatment groups?
a) Urine
osmolarity
is much higher in the mice with unlimited access to water.
b) Urine
osmolarity
is much higher in the mice given no water.
c) There is little
difference
in urine
osmolarity
between
the two groups
of
mice.Slide25
How does blood osmolarity compare between the two treatment groups?
Blood
osmolarity is much higher in the mice with unlimited access to water.
Blood osmolarity is much higher in the mice given no water.There is little difference in blood osmolarity between the two groups of mice.Slide26
How does blood osmolarity compare between the two treatment groups?
Blood
osmolarity is much higher in the mice with unlimited access to water.
Blood osmolarity is much higher in the mice given no water.There is little difference in blood osmolarity between the two groups of mice.Slide27
How does urea concentration in urine compare between the two treatment groups?
Urea
concentration in urine is much higher in the mice with unlimited access to water.Urea
concentration in urine is much higher in the mice given no water.There is little difference in urea concentration in urine between the two groups of miceSlide28
How does urea concentration in urine compare between the two treatment groups?
Urea
concentration in urine is much higher in the mice with unlimited access to water.Urea
concentration in urine is much higher in the mice given no water.There is little difference in urea concentration in urine between the two groups of mice.Slide29
How does urea concentration in blood compare between the two treatment groups?
Urea concentration in blood is much higher in the mice with unlimited access to water.
Urea concentration in blood is much higher in the mice given no water.
There is little difference in urea concentration in blood between the two groups of mice.Slide30
How does urea concentration in blood compare between the two treatment groups?
Urea concentration in blood is much higher in the mice with unlimited access to water.
Urea concentration in blood is much higher in the mice given no water.
There is little difference in urea concentration in blood between the two groups of mice.Slide31
Does this data set provide evidence of homeostatic regulation?
No; the blood
osmolarity and urea concentration in urine are about the same in the mice with unlimited access to water.
Yes; the blood osmolarity is about the same in the two treatment groups, but the urine osmolarity is not.No; there is little difference in urea concentration in blood between the two treatment groups.Yes; the urine osmolarity is greater than the urea concentration in urine in both treatment groups.Slide32
Does this data set provide evidence of homeostatic regulation?
No; the blood
osmolarity and urea concentration in urine are about the same in the mice with unlimited access to water.
Yes; the blood osmolarity is about the same in the two treatment groups, but the urine osmolarity is not.No; there is little difference in urea concentration in blood between the two treatment groups.Yes; the urine osmolarity is greater than the urea concentration in urine in both treatment groups.Slide33
For mice with unlimited access to water, what is the ratio of urine osmolarity to blood osmolarity?
1:1
1:4
14:743:4Slide34
For mice with unlimited access to water, what is the ratio of urine osmolarity to blood osmolarity?
1:1
1:4
14:743:4Slide35
For mice with no access to water, what is the ratio of urine osmolarity to blood osmolarity?
1:1
9:6
14:7245:5Slide36
For mice with no access to water, what is the ratio of urine osmolarity to blood osmolarity?
1:1
9:6
14:7245:5Slide37
By comparing these ratios, what conclusion can you draw about the sandy inland mouse?
When provided with unlimited access to water, the mice produce highly concentrated urine.
With no access to water, the mice produce highly concentrated urine.The mice always produce highly concentrated urine, no matter how much water they have access to.
With no access to water, the mice produce highly concentrated blood.
Treatment Group
Ratio of urine
osmolarity
to blood
osmolarity
Unlimited access to water
1:4
No water access
14:7Slide38
By comparing these ratios, what conclusion can you draw about the sandy inland mouse?
When provided with unlimited access to water, the mice produce highly concentrated urine.
With no access to water, the mice produce highly concentrated urine.The mice always produce highly concentrated urine, no matter how much water they have access to.
With no access to water, the mice produce highly concentrated blood.
Treatment Group
Ratio of urine
osmolarity
to blood
osmolarity
Unlimited access to water
1:4
No water access
14:7Slide39
Suppose that the mice with unlimited access to water produced more urine than the mice given no access to water. How would that difference in urine production affect your ratio calculations for the two groups? (Remember that the ratio is urine osmolarity divided by blood
osmolarity
.)
The ratios for both groups would increase.The ratio for the mice given no access to water would increase.The ratio for the mice with unlimited access to water would increase.The ratios for both groups would decrease.The ratios for both groups would stay the same.Slide40
Suppose that the mice with unlimited access to water produced more urine than the mice given no access to water. How would that difference in urine production affect your ratio calculations for the two groups? (Remember that the ratio is urine osmolarity divided by blood
osmolarity
.)
The ratios for both groups would increase.The ratio for the mice given no access to water would increase.The ratio for the mice with unlimited access to water would increase.The ratios for both groups would decrease.The ratios for both groups would stay the same.