Teacher Mrs King Name Alexis Hopkins Grade 8 Agenda or Summary Layout A second line of text could go here Question Variables and Hypothesis Experimental Procedures Data Analysis and Discussion ID: 306236
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Slide1
Analysis of Piezoelectric Energy Transfer with Plate Technology
Teacher: Mrs. King
Name: Alexis Hopkins
Grade: 8Slide2
Agenda or Summary Layout
A second line of text could go here
Question, Variables and Hypothesis
Experimental Procedures
Data Analysis and Discussion
Item 1
Background Research
Item 2
Item 5
Item 3
Item 4
MaterialsSlide3
Agenda or Summary Layout
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Conclusions
Item
6
Acknowledgement
Item
7
Item
8
B
ibliographySlide4
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What is the optimal conveyance system and optimal frequency for the transfer of energy from a flat plate piezoelectric system to energy storage or as feedback to a system?
A
flat plate piezoelectric system is a pressure plate with a piezoelectric device embedded in the pressure plate.
A conveyance system for the purposes of this experiment will include common land conveyances of man including bipedal, bicycle, motorcycle and automobiles. All conveyances will be defined by their weight and frequency.
An energy storage system is any system that can convert the output of a flat plate piezoelectric system into a battery. A feedback system is any system that directly uses the output of a flat plate piezoelectric system.
QuestionSlide6
If the energy production of a piezoelectric crystal is limited to the recovery time of the crystal to the pressure applied to the crystal, then the optimal conveyance system and optimal frequency for a flat plate piezoelectric system would be derived from the conveyance system which does not permanently crush the piezoelectric device embedded in the flat plate during the application of the system to the flat plate.
HypothesisSlide7
I plan to have four trials in my experiment.
The
four trials will consist of four different piezoelectric crystals. The sample size depends on the test I will be performing.
I will be performing a continuity test, a resistance test, a peak voltage test, a frequency test and a weight test. I will have a sample size of 1 for the continuity and resistance tests. I will have a sample size of 10 for the peak voltage and frequency tests.
I will have a samples size of 3 for the weight test. I will compare the performance of the crystals based on the data from the five tests to three types of conveyances. Each conveyance will be categorized by operating speeds (frequencies) and weight. The range of frequencies will be reduced to the most common frequencies used.
Discussion of Sample Size and TrialsSlide8
Independent Variable
The independent variable in this experiment is the flat plate piezoelectric systems.
Dependent VariableThe dependent variables in this experiment are the voltage and current produced by the flat plate piezoelectric system.
Control GroupThe control group will be the minimal frequency which all test cases can be based on. I expect this to be the equivalent frequency of one footstep per second for an average size person.ConstantsThe constants in the experiment will be the size of the flat plate piezoelectric system, the weight of the masses dropped on the system and the frequencies of each conveyance test case.
VariablesSlide9
Piezoelectricity is the production of electricity by the application of pressure
on a substance
.Electricity is characterized by the terms voltage, current and resistance
.Flat Plate Technology is the concept of inserting a substance between two plates.Energy storage is the storage of energy in a battery or other storage device.Crushing pressure is the amount of pressure required to damage an item.
Quartz is one of the most abundant minerals on Earth. It ranks 7 out of 10 on the Mohs scale, which determines the hardness of a mineral, which means that it can be very difficult to crush.
Background ResearchSlide10
Rochelle salt is known in the scientific area as potassium sodium
tartrate
. Rochelle salt has been used as a laxative and used in the process to make the silver lining on mirrors.
Rochelle salt can be made from baking soda and cream of tartar. Both of these items are commonly found in most kitchens. Rochelle salt was one of the first materials discovered to produce piezoelectric qualities. Rochelle
salt crystals have been used in needles of record players, microphones and earpieces.Background ResearchSlide11
Some materials conduct electricity.
These
materials are called conductors. Some materials do not conduct electricity. These materials are called non-conductors.
If you attach a multimeter to a conductor and select the Continuity Test, you will hear a steady tone indicating that electricity can conduct through that conductor.
DC or Direct Current is used to describe systems that provide a constant non-varying voltage or current. AC or Alternating Current is used to describe systems that provide changing voltage or current.
Background ResearchSlide12
Crystal Made from Scratch
500 g (1 lb) of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)[NaHCO3]
200 g (7 oz) of cream of tartar (potassium
bitartrate)[KHC4H4O6] [see note below]OvenPyrex container500
mL (2 cup) glass beaker or Pyrex measuring cupSauce pan with water2 mL (1/2 tsp) measuring spoon
Spoon for stirringCoffee FilterFilter paper or paper towelingDistilled or demineralized
waterA shallow dish (e.g., Petri)Heating plate or stove
ThermometerBalancePlastic or glass containerHeating plate
Beaker of 2 to 4 litersMaterials ListSlide13
Other Items
Quartz Crystals
3 – Double Hex Quartz
1 – Small QuartzOscilloscope with leadsMultimeter with leads
9 – 15 cm x 15 cm Aluminum FoilSharpie®Butter SpreaderRoll of Paper TowelsCalculator
Box of Plastic Sandwich BagsWire TiesC-Clamp (7.7 cm)No. 2 Pencil (16 cm)
2 Sets of wires with Alligator Clips on each endRulerPair of cutting pliers
Materials ListSlide14
First Reaction –Making Sodium Carbonate
This involves the conversion of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)[NaHCO3] to sodium carbonate(washing soda)[Na
2CO3
] Place the contents of a 500 g box of baking soda into a suitable Pyrex container.Heat in an oven at about (65 deg C for one hour.Increase the temperature to 120 deg C and hold there for about an hour.Repeat this increase for 175 and 230 deg C, for an hour each.Remove the container and allow cooling to room temperature.
Place the sodium carbonate into a sealed container until used further.Experimental ProceduresSlide15
Second Reaction – Making Rochelle salt
This involves the reaction of cream of tartar (potassium
bitartrate
formulation only)[KHC4H4O6] with sodium carbonate [Na2CO3] to produce Rochelle salt (potassium sodium tartrate)[NaKC4H4O6].
Place a suspension of 200 g (7 oz) (maximum) of cream of tartar in 250 mL (one cup) of water into a beaker of at least 500 mL (2 cups) capacity.Heat the beaker by placing it into a saucepan containing water.
Heat the saucepan (e.g. on a stove or laboratory hot plate) until the outer water is just simmering. Add about half a teaspoon (2.5 mL) of sodium carbonate to the beaker and stir the contents. The solution will bubble. Add more sodium carbonate stepwise until no more bubbles form.
Filter the hot solution by using filter paper of a coffee filter.Concentrate the solution (by evaporation) to about 400 mL
or a little less by heating.Allow the filtrate to cool and then store in a cool place for several days. Collect the resulting crystals by decantation (pouring the excess liquid into another container) or by filtration.
Dry the crystals by blotting with clean filter paper or paper toweling.For a better yield, concentrate again this solution left over after step 9 by heating and repeat steps 7 to10 above. This should yield about 210 g of Rochelle salt.
Experimental ProceduresSlide16
Removal Rochelle Crystals
Use the butter spreader to remove Rochelle salt from the container.
Separate Rochelle salt by size.Flakes.
Small Crystals (smaller than 1.25 cm3, roughly .5 cm x .5 cm x .5 cm).Large Crystals (larger than 1.25 cm3, roughly .5 cm x .5 cm x .5 cm).Measure volume and weight of the Rochelle saltMeasure the flakes as a volume and weight of all flakes.
Measure the small crystals as a volume and weight of all small crystals.Measure each large crystal.Describe the appearance of the Rochelle salt
Experimental ProceduresSlide17
Quartz Crystals
Measure the dimensions of each Quartz crystal.
Calculate the volume of each Quartz crystal.Describe the appearance of the Quartz crystal.
Experimental ProceduresSlide18
Simulated Flat Plate Assembly
Cut 2 aluminum foil patches 15 cm x 15 cm
Fold each in half length wise twice
Fold each in half width wise onceThis creates two flat electrical conducting patches about 3.75 cm x 2.5 cm in size.Cut 2 paper towel patches 28 cm x 14 cm
Fold each in half length wise three timesFold each in half width wise twiceThis creates two non electrical conducting patches about 13 cm x 7 cm in size.Cut ends off of a pencil to make a striking pin.
Assemble Electrical Contact SurfacesPack a layer of paper towel covered by a layer of aluminum foil against opposing sides of a crystal.This allows me to insert the assembly (paper towel – foil – crystal – foil – paper towel) inside of a C-Clamp.
Tighten the C-Clamp to hold assembly. This creates a good electrical contract with each piece of the foil to the crystal without applying too much pressure on the crystal.
Experimental ProceduresSlide19
Select Crystals for Testing
Review the data obtained to this point and select which crystals will be used in the testing.
Base the selection on how well each crystal will fit in the test equipment and survive the testing.
Experimental ProceduresSlide20
Continuity and Resistance Test
Select a crystal (Rochelle salt or Quartz).
Assemble a simulated flat plate assembly per the directions above.Inspect the assembly to verify that the two aluminum foil plates do not touch each other.
Attach an alligator clip (black) to one electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to the common port of the multimeter.Attach an alligator clip (red) to the other electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to ohm / voltage port of the multimeter.
Perform a continuity test. I expect that there will be no continuity. There should be no current flowing through the assembly at this point.Select the highest resistance setting on the multimeter (10 Mega Ohms). Verify the resistance is more than 10 Mega Ohms.
Experimental ProceduresSlide21
Peak Voltage Test
Select a crystal (Rochelle salt or Quartz).
Assemble a simulated flat plate assembly per the directions above.
Inspect the assembly to verify that the two aluminum foil plates do not touch each other.Attach an alligator clip (black) to one electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to the common port of the multimeter.
Attach an alligator clip (red) to the other electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to ohm / voltage port of the multimeter.Place the simulated flat plate assembly on a non-conductive table top.
Select the 2 Volts DC setting on the multimeter. Place one end of the pencil on the crystal.Strike the pencil to verify voltage is created by observing the reading on the multimeter
.Record Peak Voltage 10 times by striking the crystal 10 times.Select the 2 Volts AC setting on the multimeter
.Record Peak Voltage 10 times by striking the crystal 10 times.Repeat steps 1 through 12 for the remaining crystals.
Experimental ProceduresSlide22
Frequency Test
Select a crystal (Rochelle salt or Quartz).
Assemble a simulated flat plate assembly per the directions above.
Inspect the assembly to verify that the two aluminum foil plates do not touch each other.Attach an alligator clip (black) to one electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to a lead on the probe connected to the Oscilloscope.
Attach an alligator clip (red) to the other electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to the other lead on the probe connected to the Oscilloscope .Place the simulated flat plate assembly on a non-conductive table top.Select the following on the Oscilloscope.
Set Volts / Division to .1 voltsSelect DCSelect Trigger to CH 1 with Auto-trigger on and 2 millisecond setting.Adjust wave form to center screen.
Setup a metronome to a frequency from the list below. (60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 152, 168, 184 beats per minute)Place
one end of the pencil on the crystal.Strike the pencil to verify voltage is created by observing the reading on the Oscilloscope.Record Peak Voltage 10 times by striking the crystal 10 times.
Record the time it takes for the signal to return to 0 volts 10 times by striking the crystal 10 times.Repeat steps 8 through 12 one time for each frequency.Repeat steps 1 through 13 for the remaining crystals.
Experimental ProceduresSlide23
Weight Test
Select a crystal (Rochelle salt or Quartz).
Assemble a simulated flat plate assembly per the directions above.
Inspect the assembly to verify that the two aluminum foil plates do not touch each other.Attach an alligator clip (black) to one electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to the common port of the multimeter
.Attach an alligator clip (red) to the other electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to ohm / voltage port of the multimeter.Place the simulated flat plate assembly on a non-conductive table top.
Load a BB Jar with BB’s to a weight from the list below (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 , 800, 900, 1000 grams)Place one end of the pencil on the crystal.
Strike the pencil to verify voltage is created by observing the reading on the multimeter.Record Peak Voltage 3 times by striking the crystal from a height of 5 cm.
Repeat steps 7 through 10 one time for each frequency.Repeat steps 1 through 11 for the remaining crystals.
Experimental ProceduresSlide24
Rochelle salt
Volume (cm
3
)
Weight (g)
Flakes
52.60 cm
3
(2.5 cm x 2.5 cm x 6 cm)
12 g
Small Crystals
58.50 cm
3
(6.5 cm x 4.5 cm x 2 cm)
32 g
Large Crystal 1
6.44 cm3 (2.3 cm x 2.0 cm x 1.4 cm)
4 g
Large Crystal 2
35.11 cm
3
(3.8 cm x 3.3 cm x 2.8 cm)
24 g
Large Crystal 3
43.26 cm
3
(5.7 cm x 3.3 cm x 2.3 cm)
32 g
Large Crystal 4
71.42 cm
3
(6.2 cm x 4.8 cm x 2.4 cm)
48 g
Large Crystal 5
191.01 cm
3
(10.6 cm x 5.3 cm x 3.4 cm)
126 g
Total
458.34 cm
3
278 g
Rochelle salt DimensionsSlide25
Rochelle salt Appearance
Rochelle salt
Notes
Flakes
Yellowish-brownish, very brittle to touch, rough to touch, thin
Small Crystals
Clear-white, dull, various shapes (cubic, hexagonal, misshaped, oval, spherical), mostly sturdy, smooth, rough in between.
Large Crystal 1
Spherical, musty, fragile, brittle, whitish (no other coloration, jagged but dull, composed of small crystals bound together
Large Crystal 2
Misshaped, musty, fragile, brittle, whitish (no other coloration, jagged but dull, composed of small crystals bound together
Large Crystal 3
Misshaped, musty, fragile, brittle, whitish (no other coloration, jagged but dull, composed of small crystals bound together
Large Crystal 4
Misshaped, musty, fragile, brittle, whitish (no other coloration, jagged but dull, composed of small crystals bound together
Large Crystal 5
Oval, musty, fragile, brittle, whitish (no other coloration, jagged but dull, composed of small crystals bound togetherSlide26
Quartz Crystal Dimensions
Quartz
Volume (cm
3
)
Weight (g)
Quartz # 1 – Double Hex
14.34 cm
3
(2.5 cm x 2.5 cm x 6 cm)
22 g
Quartz # 2 – Double Hex
25.60 cm
3 (6.5 cm x 4.5 cm x 2 cm)
32 g
Quartz # 3 – Double Hex
19.49 cm3 (2.3 cm x 2.0 cm x 1.4 cm)
32 g
Quartz # 4 – Small Crystal
2.30 cm
3
(3.8 cm x 3.3 cm x 2.8 cm)
4 g
Total
61.73 cm
3
90 gSlide27
Quartz Crystal Appearance
Quartz
Notes
Quartz # 1 – Double Hex
Mostly clear in appearance, double hex, blackish dirt-like substance inside crystal (~ 1 cm), majority clear, 3 small sides, 3 big sides (3 times the smaller sides), shiny yet musty, grayish dirty appearance.
Quartz # 2 – Double Hex
Double Hex, tan (1.5 cm) spots on side, several double-hexed quartz crystals attached to the side, shiny yet musty, grayish dirty appearance.
Quartz # 3 – Double Hex
Tan (1.5 cm) spots on side, Small double-hexed quartz crystals attached to the side, can see a crack inside the crystal, shiny yet musty, grayish dirty appearance.
Quartz # 4 – Small Crystal
Mostly clear in appearance, dull ends.Slide28
Selection of Crystals
The Rochelle flakes and small crystals are too small to fit into the test equipment. Rochelle salt large crystal is medium sized of the five large crystals. I will use this crystal for my Rochelle salt test.
Quartz #1, #2 and #3 fit nicely in the test equipment. Quartz #4 is too small for the test equipment.Slide29
Continuity and Resistance Test
Quartz
Notes
Quartz # 1 – Double Hex
Passed. There was no continuity in the simulated flat plate assembly prior to initiating the testing.
Quartz # 2 – Double Hex
Passed. There was no continuity in the simulated flat plate assembly prior to initiating the testing.
Quartz # 3 – Double Hex
Passed. There was no continuity in the simulated flat plate assembly prior to initiating the testing.
Rochelle salt Large Crystal # 3
Passed. There was no continuity in the simulated flat plate assembly prior to initiating the testing.
Quartz
Notes
Quartz # 1 – Double Hex
Passed. The resistance across the crystal was greater than 10 MOhms.
Quartz # 2 – Double Hex
Passed. The resistance across the crystal was greater than 10
MOhms
.
Quartz # 3 – Double Hex
Passed. The resistance across the crystal was greater than 10 MOhms.
Rochelle salt Large Crystal # 3
Passed. The resistance across the crystal was greater than 10
MOhms
.Slide30
Peak Voltage Tests
Sample
DC (volts)
AC (volts)
1
0.478
0.014
2
0.257
0.016
3
0.509
0.015
4
0.105
0.015
5
0.503
0.015
6
0.608
0.016
7
0.386
0.018
8
0.383
0.017
9
0.222
0.014
10
0.312
0.016
Average
0.376
0.016
Sample
DC (volts)
AC (volts)
1
1.885
0.638
2
0.329
1.668
3
0.327
0.783
4
0.332
0.354
5
0.475
0.224
6
0.252
1.118
7
1.427
1.022
8
0.963
0.339
9
0.741
1.154
10
0.300
0.597
Average
0.703
0.790
Sample
DC (volts)
AC (volts)
1
0.112
0.449
2
0.118
0.012
3
0.111
0.214
4
0.102
0.013
5
0.106
0.011
6
0.092
0.032
7
0.156
0.145
8
0.095
0.010
9
0.067
0.756
10
0.078
0.014
Average
0.104
0.166
Sample
DC (volts)
AC (volts)
1
0.663
0.142
2
0.512
0.189
3
0.681
0.547
4
0.957
0.375
5
0.398
0.140
6
0.557
0.279
7
0.292
0.52780.7030.26790.8220.143101.8100.815Average0.7400.342
Quartz 1 Quartz 2 Quartz 3 Rochelle saltSlide31
Peak Voltage Test Analysis
All
crystals provide both DC and AC voltages.
The average voltage is less than 1 volt and greater than .1 volts with the exception of Quartz # 1.The crystals do produce electricity.The Rochelle salt crumbled on the first strike. I placed all of the remains into a plastic bag, tied with a zip tie. I modified the foil plates to include a point which was inserted into the crushed Rochelle salt through a hole in the plastic bag. Even crushed, the Rochelle salt produce electricity. Slide32
Frequency Test – Quartz 1 Voltage
Frequency (
bpm
)
Average (volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
0.28
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.25
0.30
72
0.09
0.12
0.12
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.12
0.09
0.06
84
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.09
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.06
96
0.08
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.12
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
108
0.06
0.12
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.04
120
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.09
132
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.09
144
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.06
152
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
168
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.040.040.041840.090.120.120.140.110.050.100.080.050.080.08Slide33
Frequency Test – Quartz 1 Time to 0
Frequency (bpm)
Average (ms)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
72
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
84
6.1
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
7.2
6.0
96
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
108
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
120
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
132
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
144
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
152
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
168
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.018410.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.010.0Slide34
Frequency Test – Quartz 2 Voltage
Frequency (bpm)
Average (volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
72
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.14
0.11
0.11
84
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.10
0.10
96
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
108
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.10
120
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.09
0.08
132
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.09
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.10
144
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.06
0.08
152
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.06
168
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.101840.100.100.100.100.110.100.100.080.080.100.08Slide35
Frequency Test – Quartz 2 Time to 0
Frequency (bpm)
Average (ms)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
72
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
84
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
96
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
108
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
120
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
132
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
144
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
152
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
168
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.01846.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.0Slide36
Frequency Test – Quartz 3 Voltage
Frequency (bpm)
Average (volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
72
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.12
0.09
0.12
0.08
0.08
0.08
84
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
96
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.12
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.11
108
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.09
0.12
0.10
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.08
0.10
120
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.08
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.13
132
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.09
0.12
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.10
0.10
144
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.08
0.08
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.12
152
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.08
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.10
168
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.101840.100.090.100.090.100.090.080.100.110.120.10Slide37
Frequency Test – Quartz 3 Time to 0
Frequency (bpm)
Average (ms)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
72
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
84
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
96
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
108
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
120
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
132
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
144
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
152
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
168
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.01846.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.0Slide38
Frequency Test – Rochelle salt Voltage
Frequency (bpm)
Average (volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.15
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.10
72
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.10
0.06
0.05
0.08
0.05
0.10
0.12
84
0.09
0.05
0.12
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.08
96
0.10
0.14
0.15
0.10
0.06
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.08
0.11
0.12
108
0.09
0.10
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.07
0.10
0.10
0.10
120
0.10
0.10
0.15
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.09
132
0.09
0.10
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.10
0.13
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.10
144
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
152
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.14
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
168
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.101840.130.150.160.130.150.160.120.120.100.100.10Slide39
Frequency Test – Rochelle salt Time to 0
Frequency (bpm)
Average (ms)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
60
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
72
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
84
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
96
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
108
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
120
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
132
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
144
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
152
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
168
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.01847.07.07.07.07.07.07.07.07.07.07.0Slide40
Peak Voltage over FrequencySlide41
Time to Zero Voltage in MillisecondsSlide42
Frequency Test Analysis
The
frequency range was from 1 Hertz (60
bpm) to 3.07 Hertz (184).Except for one test case, the peak voltage ranged from .05 to .15 volts over the range of tested frequencies.I can conclude that the voltage output from any of the crystals is not dependent on frequencies less than 3.1 Hertz.The time to zero volts ranged from approximately 6 milliseconds to 12 milliseconds for all crystals over the range of tested frequencies.
The Quartz crystals were mostly around 6 milliseconds.The Rochelle salt was around 12 milliseconds up to 2.5 Hertz.Slide43
Weight Test – Quartz 1
Weight (grams)
Average
1
2
3
100
0.417
0.431
0.401
0.420
200
0.343
0.179
0.374
0.477
300
0.365
0.444
0.266
0.385
400
1.081
0.523
1.257
1.463
500
0.796
1.066
0.853
0.468
600
47.367
56.600
47.700
37.800
700
156.667
117.000
152.000
201.000
800
681.333
708.000
619.000
717.000
900
759.000
759.000
overload
overload
1000
#DIV/0!
overload
overload
overloadSlide44
Weight Test – Quartz 2
Weight (grams)
Average
1
2
3
100
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
200
0.043
0.046
0.062
0.020
300
0.110
0.113
0.106
0.111
400
0.356
0.595
0.295
0.179
500
0.680
0.680
0.568
0.792
600
14.657
19.080
13.980
10.910
700
43.323
50.170
29.600
50.200
800
761.667
919.000
771.000
595.000
900
588.000
614.000
683.000
467.000
1000
#DIV/0!
overload
overload
overloadSlide45
Weight Test – Quartz 3
Weight (grams)
Average
1
2
3
100
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
200
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
300
0.065
0.036
0.065
0.094
400
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
500
1.147
1.370
0.870
1.200
600
29.900
26.600
27.000
36.100
700
44.400
47.700
38.400
47.100
800
19.000
34.100
11.300
11.600
900
27.333
29.600
13.400
39.000
1000
56.833
70.400
29.700
70.400Slide46
Weight Test – Rochelle salt
Weight (grams)
Average
1
2
3
100
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.002
200
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.002
300
0.019
0.018
0.019
0.019
400
0.025
0.042
0.023
0.011
500
0.493
0.600
0.448
0.430
600
0.810
1.027
1.000
0.404
700
1.139
1.160
1.194
1.062
800
4.860
5.370
5.030
4.180
900
24.433
17.000
38.400
17.900
1000
51.233
44.500
50.600
58.600Slide47
Peak Voltage over Weight in gramsSlide48
Peak Voltage over Weight in gramsSlide49
Peak Voltage over Weight in gramsSlide50
Weight Test Analysis
In
general, increasing the weight increases the peak voltage.
The increase is not linear.Quartz 1 and Quartz 2 observed overloads at the higher weights. An overload is a measurement beyond the ability of the multimeter.Quartz 3 and Rochelle salt provided much lower voltage than Quartz 1 and Quartz 2.Quartz 1 and 2 were longer than they were wide. Quartz 3 was about as long as it was wide.Slide51
Real World Expectations
A
person, a bike or an automobile are all heavier than 1000 grams.
A person, a bike or an automobile all have a frequency for striking a flat plate system greater than 3 Hertz. Slide52
Automobile Frequencies
We
can calculate the frequency an automobile or truck tire will strike a flat plate system installed in the tire. For this calculation, I will assume we have only one plate installed and the tire puts pressure on the plate when the plate rotates between the ground and the vehicle.
Most automobile tires are around 24 inches in diameter. Most large truck tires are around 36 inches in diameter.The circumference of a tire is pi times the diameter.To convert miles per hour to a frequency of impact I can divide multiply miles per hour by 5,280 (feet per mile) and divide by the circumference of the tire. This provides us cycles per hour
To convert cycles per hour, I can divide the cycles per hour by 60 (minutes per hour) and then by 60 (seconds per minute). This provides us cycles per second (Hertz).Slide53
Frequency of an Average Automobile Tire
Miles per Hour (mph)
Feet per Hour (fph)
mph * 5280
Cycles per Hour (cph)
fph / 6.28
Cycles per Minute (cpm)
cph / 60
Cycles per Second (Hertz)
cpm / 60
1
5280
840.76
14.01
0.23
2
10560
1681.53
28.03
0.47
3
15840
2522.29
42.04
0.70
4
21120
3363.06
56.05
0.93
5
26400
4203.82
70.06
1.17
6
31680
5044.59
84.08
1.40
7
36960
5885.35
98.09
1.63
8
42240
6726.11
112.10
1.87
9
47520
7566.88
126.11
2.10
10
52800
8407.64
140.13
2.34
15
79200
12611.46
210.19
3.50
20
105600
16815.29
280.25
4.67
25
132000
21019.11
350.32
5.84
30
158400
25222.93
420.38
7.01
35
184800
29426.75
490.45
8.17
40
211200
33630.57
560.51
9.34
45
237600
37834.39
630.57
10.51
50
264000
42038.22
700.64
11.68
55
290400
46242.04
770.70
12.85
60
316800
50445.86
840.76
14.01
65
343200
54649.68
910.83
15.18
70
369600
58853.50
980.89
16.35
75
396000
63057.32
1050.96
17.52
80
422400
67261.15
1121.02
18.68Slide54
Frequency of an Average Large Truck Tire
Miles per Hour (mph)
Feet per Hour (fph)
mph * 5280
Cycles per Hour (cph)
fph / 9.42
Cycles per Minute (cpm)
cph / 60
Cycles per Second (Hertz)
cpm / 60
1
5280
560.51
9.34
0.16
2
10560
1121.02
18.68
0.31
3
15840
1681.53
28.03
0.47
4
21120
2242.04
37.37
0.62
5
26400
2802.55
46.71
0.78
6
31680
3363.06
56.05
0.93
7
36960
3923.57
65.39
1.09
8
42240
4484.08
74.73
1.25
9
47520
5044.59
84.08
1.40
10
52800
5605.10
93.42
1.56
15
79200
8407.64
140.13
2.34
20
105600
11210.19
186.84
3.11
25
132000
14012.74
233.55
3.89
30
158400
16815.29
280.25
4.67
35
184800
19617.83
326.96
5.45
40
211200
22420.38
373.67
6.23
45
237600
25222.93
420.38
7.01
50
264000
28025.48
467.09
7.78
55
290400
30828.03
513.80
8.56
60
316800
33630.57
560.51
9.34
65
343200
36433.12
607.22
10.12
70
369600
39235.67
653.93
10.90
75
396000
42038.22
700.64
11.68
80
422400
44840.76
747.35
12.46Slide55
Conclusions
If the performance stays the same for frequencies beyond 2.5 Hertz, then I expect the time to zero voltage ranges from 6 ms to 12
ms.
This is the shortest range of time I can strike a crystal and expect a peak voltage. Piezoelectric devices work based on the concept of applying pressure to the device. If you apply constant pressure, then you will not get good performance. A time of 6 ms corresponds to .006 seconds. The frequency of 166.67 Hertz corresponds to this time. A person at a jog has approximately 240 steps per minute (6 mph). This corresponds to 4 steps per second (4 Hertz). An automobile traveling at 70 miles per hour will provide a striking frequency of 16.35 Hertz. A large truck, such as a semi-truck, will traveling at 70 miles per hour will provide a striking frequency of 12.46 Hertz. Both vehicles are well below the maximum frequency of 166.67 Hertz. Slide56
Conclusions
The weight of a large truck is more than an automobile. The weight of an automobile is more than a person. Considering there is no degradation of the peak voltage as weight increases and there is data to support a heavier weight produces a higher voltage, the larger vehicles will produce more electricity to charge a battery or storage system.
The
Quartz crystals did not display any damage or any structure loss in any of the tests. The Rochelle salt crumbled at even under hand pressure. However, the resulting powder made up of fine Rochelle salt crystals still provided adequate electrical performance.Slide57
Conclusions
I conclude that either crystal could support for energy transfer system from a flat plate piezoelectric system to energy storage or as feedback to a system.
I
conclude that all modes of transportation evaluated will provide adequate support for energy transfer system from a flat plate piezoelectric system to energy storage or as feedback to a system.Based
on the data and analysis, the large truck traveling at maximum velocity will provide the optimal conveyance system and optimal frequency for the transfer of energy from a flat plate piezoelectric system to energy storage or as feedback to a systemSlide58
Conclusions
I recommend that Rochelle salt be considered for an actual application over Quartz crystals.
Rochelle is readily produced from commonly available products.
The powdered form made up of small Rochelle salt crystals produces adequate performance. The powdered form will be much more suitable to insert into a shoe or tire without damaging the tire or making the shoe uncomfortable.Slide59
Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge several sources of support for this project. Stephen Hopkins acted as my supervisor and mentor for this project. He taught me about the basics of voltage including how to measure voltage on a
multimeter
and an Oscilloscope. He supervised me during the development of the Rochelle salt from off the shelf products.This project has opened a few opportunities for further development. I have learned that we can produce energy as a product of normal daily activities of walking, running, biking and driving. The next step of this project would be to create an insert for a shoe or tire that will charge a battery.Slide60
Bibiliography
Wilmore, Jack H.,
Athletic Training and Physical Fitness
, Massachusetts:Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1976.Eshbach, Ovid. Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 1975.
Maikle, Lara. Ultimate Visual Dictionary of Science. New York: DK Publishing, Inc., 1998.“Intel International Science and Engineering Fair”, Society for Science & the Public. 2008.http://www.societyforscience.org/isef/
“Rochelle Salt Stabilizer MSDS”, ScienceLab.com, Inc., 2011, http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9926770Slide61
Bibiliography
“Sodium bicarbonate MSDS”, ScienceLab.com, Inc., 2011,
http://www.sciencelab.com/xMSDS-Sodium_bicarbonate-9927258
“Potassium bitartrate MSDS “, ScienceLab.com, Inc., 2011, http://www.sciencelab.com/xMSDS-Potassium_bitartrate-9927703
“Preparation of Rochelle Salt”, Wizard’s Cove by J. Christopher Young, 1997, http://www.seawhy.com/xlroch.html“Mohs scale of mineral hardness”, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 2011, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness