Section A Energy Basics These resource materials were developed by the Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center at the University of Louisville for KEEPS Kentucky Energy Efficiency Programs for Schools with support from the US Department of ID: 711211
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BASICS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Section A - Energy BasicsSlide2
These resource materials were developed by the Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center at the University of Louisville for KEEPS – Kentucky Energy Efficiency Programs for Schools – with support from the U.S. Department of
Energy,
and the Kentucky Department for Energy Development and Independence.
Basics of Energy ManagementSlide3
Basics of Energy Management
Electricity Units
Watt (W)
Electrical unit of power
Kilowatt (kW)
Unit of power equivalent to 1,000 watts of electrical demand
Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
Amount of energy consumed when 1,000 watts are used for one hourSlide4
Basics of Energy Management
Electric Demand Components
Demand Period
Time interval during which flow of electricity is measured (usually in 15-, 30- or 60-minute increments depending on rate structure)
Peak Demand
Highest average demand over the demand period in the billing period
Electric Load Factor (ELF)
Indicates if peak demand is high for the facilitySlide5
Basics of Energy Management
Electric Demand ProfileSlide6
Basics of Energy Management
Natural Gas Units
Btu: British thermal unit
MMBtu: Million British
thermal unit
Btu/hr: British
thermal
unit
per hour
CCF: Hundred
cubic
feet 10
CCF = 1 MMBtu
Dth: Dekatherm 1
dth = 1 MMBtu or ~10 CCFSlide7
Conversion – Apples to Apples
Horsepower (hp) = 745.6 watts
Motor hp = 2,545 Btu/hr
Boiler hp = 33,475 Btu/hr
Cooling ton = 12,000 Btu/hr
1 kilowatt = 3,412.3 Btu/hr
Basics of Energy ManagementSlide8
Efficiency
Work
done divided by work put into the system
Efficiency Terms
work out
work in
= %
EfficacyMeasure of performance using units lumens/watt for lighting kW/ton for chillersBasics of Energy ManagementSlide9
HVAC Efficiency – COP
Coefficient of Performance (COP)
Measurement of how efficiently a heating or cooling system operates at a single outdoor temperature condition
Temperature condition for heat pumps = 47°F
Heat Pump
ChillerBtu of heat produced (47◦
F)Btu of electricity used (47◦F)3.516kW/ton
Methods to calculate COP
Basics of Energy ManagementSlide10
HVAC Efficiency – EER
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)
Measurement of how efficiently a cooling system operates when the outdoor temperature is at a specific level (95
°F)
Commonly used when referring to:
air conditioners (window, unitary)
heat pumps (window, unitary, water-source, geothermal)
Btu/hr cooling at 95°Fwatts used at 95°FMethod to calculate EER
Basics of Energy ManagementSlide11
Conversion - Apples to Apples
Btu of cooling produced
Wh of electricity used
EER =
Energy or heat output (total)
Energy or heat input (external)
COP =
EER
3,412 Btu/Wh
COP =
Basics of Energy ManagementSlide12
HVAC Efficiency – SEER
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER)
Measurement of how efficiently a residential central cooling system operates over an entire cooling season
air conditioner or heat pump
Not to be confused with
EER
Split cooling system SEER must be greater than 13, effective 2006seasonal Btu of cooling
seasonal watt-hours usedMethod to calculate SEERBasics of Energy ManagementSlide13
HVAC Efficiency – HSPF
Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF)
Measurement of how efficiently all residential and some commercial heat pumps operate in their heating mode over an entire normal heating season
Btu of heat produced over heating season
watt-hours of electricity used over heating season
Method to calculate HSPF
Basics of Energy ManagementSlide14
HVAC Efficiency – AFUE
Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE)
Measurement of how efficiently a gas furnace or boiler operates over an entire heating season
Percentage of energy consumed by system that is actually converted to useful heat
AFUE for most gas furnaces must be at least 78%
Btu of heat produced over heating season
Btu of natural gas used over heating season
Method to calculate AFUEBasics of Energy ManagementSlide15
Energy Accounting Terms
Energy Use Index (EUI): Btu/ft
2
/year
Use when tracking energy savings
Energy Cost Index (ECI): $/ft
2/yearUse when comparing within your districtmust be a small district with single utility provider
Basics of Energy ManagementSlide16
Energy and the Environment
1 lb of coal burned produces 1 to 1.25 kWh
*100 lb/yr of coal not burned*
T12 (34W) upgrade to Super-T8 (32W) for 10 fixtures with four lamps per fixture
Basics of Energy ManagementSlide17
Review of Energy Basics
Electric Units – kW, kWh, peak demand, ELF
Natural Gas Units – CCF, MMBtu, dth
HVAC Efficiency – COP, EER, SEER, HSPF, AFUE
Energy Accounting – EUI and ECI
Energy and the Environment
1 lb coal burned produces about 1 to 1.25 kWh
Basics of Energy Management