OUTLINE Information Technology IT An Historical perspective Storage and retrieval of information Advantages of IT Evolution of computers PO Ogunmolu Computer Science Department AAUA Nigeria ID: 816034
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CSC 101: Introduction To Computer Systems (2 Units)
OUTLINE●Information Technology (IT): An Historical perspective●Storage and retrieval of information●Advantages of IT●Evolution of computers
P.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria
5/14/2014
Slide2OverviewMODULE STRUCTUREModule will entirely be based on instructions and class discussions/activities
There will be test(s) and assignment(s)Module is split between four lecturers who will cover various aspects of the courseExamination – Based on material presented in the notes, lectures developed through assignment essays. Exams will be 2 – 3 hours in length and evenly split over all covered topics. The paper will cover 70% of the 2 UnitsContinuous Assessments - Class works, Assignments, Attendance and Tests. Will constitute 30% of the 2 Units
P.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria
5/14/2014
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Slide3ObjectivesAt the end of the modular instructions, the student should be able to:Understand the intricacies of the information systems
Why have an information system?Advantages of information technologyComponents of an information technology infrastructureEvolution of computersThoroughly understand the various generations of computers viz., first generation, second generation, third generation, fourth and fifth generation computersP.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria
5/14/2014
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Slide4Lecture and learningMixture of slides and learningDiscussion
You may have to go and learn topics on your ownTake note of what I say, others say and what I writeAsk questions, make comments, argue within the bounds of reasonRead Reference Materials– though lectures and slides would be enoughTutorial questions, assignments, essays are good practising tools for examP.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria
5/14/2014
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Slide5“Information technology” has been around since the beginning of timeThink of the story of creation or the theory of evolutionanimals displaying courtship behaviorman’s means of long-distant communication during the stone agethe Egyptians during the era of the Pharaohs
letters through the middle ages codes and lately electronic modes of communication such as fax, telephone, the internet and etc.P.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria5/14/2014
5 Information Technology: Introduction
Slide6PRE-HISTORIC AGE (3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D)Human used language and speech or petroglyphs to propagate bidirectional communicationThen came Phoenician alphabetThe counting table was invented in China in 400B.C. and Abacus was used in China around 500 B.C. [3]
PETROGLYPHS [1]Following the development of alphabets, we developed pens and the paperEarly forms involved marks in wet clay and then we made paper out of papyrus plantsThe Chinese made paper out of rags somewhere in this eraWritten information necessitated the invention of books and librariesThe Egyptians invented the scrollP.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria
5/14/2014
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Historical Evolution of IT: PRE-HISTORIC AGE
Slide7The first numbering systems (numbers 1 – 9) were invented in India during this age (~1000A.D..)The number “0” was subsequently invented in 775 years afterward in 875ADThe Roman Abacus was used about 2400 B.C in Babylonia [2]After most of these developments were made, people started developing “machines” or calculators that could:
Execute automated calculationsControl processes and data (or information), andControl continuous processes or discrete devices P.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria5/14/2014
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Historical Evolution of IT: PRE-HISTORIC AGE
Slide8The Mechanical AbacusP.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria
5/14/20148Historical Evolution of IT: PRE-HISTORIC AGE
Slide9The conditions created by the flurry of inventions during the pre-historic age brought about the mechanical age The Mechanical Age (approx. 1450 – 1840 A.D.)Was the precursor to our electronic information ageIn 1623: Wilhelm Schickard, a German polymath, designed a calculating
clock: it was destroyed in a fire accident during its construction in 1624 and Schickard left the project. Two sketches of it were discovered in 1957; too late to have any impact on the development of mechanical calculators1624: Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator (called the Pascaline) after some creative work and subsequently built 20 more prototypes in the following ten years.Approx. 1672: Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz pioneered the Stepped Reckoner and his famous cylinders while adding direct multiplication and division to the Pascaline. Leibnitz’s invention waas
far ahead of his time. A working model did not appear until 1791 – long after Leibnitz was dead and gone.
P.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria
5/14/2014
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Historical Evolution of IT: Mechanical Age
Slide10Historical Evolution of IT: Mechanical Age5/14/2014P.O. Ogunmolu
: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria10Schickard’s Slide Rule
Slide11Historical Evolution of IT: Mechanical Age5/14/2014P.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria
11Blaise Pascal’s Pascaline
Slide121903: In Japan, Ryōichi Yazu patented a mechanical calculator called the Yazu Arithmometer consisting of a single cylinder and 22 gears, and employing the mixed base-2 and base-5 number system – well-versed by
users of the soroban (Japanese abacus). Carry and end of calculation were automated. He sold over 200 units mostly to Japaanese government agencies such as the Ministry of War and agricultural experiment stationsIn 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed a loom in which the pattern being woven was controlled by punched cards. The series of cards could be changed without changing the mechanical design of the loom. This was a landmark achievement in programmability. His machine was an improvement over similar weaving looms. Punch cards were preceded by punch bands, as in the machine proposed by Basile Bouchon.
P.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria
5/14/2014
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Historical Evolution of IT: Mechanical Age
Slide13Jacquard’s revolutionized textile-weaving methods opened the way for the electromechanical systems that followedJacquard’s invention also provided model for the input and output of data in electro-mechamical (abbreviated as e:m henceforward) systemsEnter Charles Babbage (11791 – 1871):
Generally considered the father of modern computers His difference engine (1833) and analytical engine (1837) – which significantly improved on Jacquard’s punched-tapes - foreshadowed the creation of modern computersLed a terrific life: invented the cowcatcher, dynamometer, standard railroad gauge, uniform postal rates, occulting lights for lighthouses, Greenwich time signals, heliograph opthalmoscopeP.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria
5/14/2014
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Historical Evolution of IT: Electro-Mechanical Age
Slide14Babbage’s difference engine was possible because of the advances that occurred after the industrial revolutionThe difference machine never reached full fruition in its developmentBabbage drew up the blueprint for the difference machine as a Cambridge Univ. UndergradHe abandoned the design for a much-betterAnalytic-engine
Charles Babbage’s difference machineP.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria5/14/2014
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Historical Evolution of IT: Electro-Mechanical Age
Slide15Babbage’s analytical engine was a general-purpose programmable computer, employing punch cards for input and a steam engine for power, using the positions of gears and shafts to represent numbersThe Analytical Engine was intended to use loops of Jacquard's punched cards to control an automatic calculator, which could make decisions based on the results of previous computations. This machine was also intended to employ several features subsequently used in modern computers, including sequential control, branching, and loopingThough the design was sound and the plans were
fairly accurate/debuggable, the project suffered due to rows with the chief machinist building parts for it. All parts for his machine had to be manually made. Small errors in each item could result in large discrepancies.P.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria5/14/2014
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Historical Evolution of IT: Electro-Mechanical Age
Slide16Babbage’s machine required lots of interconnected parts which demanded extreme accuracy, tolerance and sensitivity – requirements that were not available at that timeWith quarrels with artisans and the pace of tech. advancement, the British Government had to discontinue funding for the projectCharles
Babbage’s Analytical MachineP.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria5/14/201416
Historical Evolution of IT: Electro-Mechanical Age
Slide17[1] Brady W., and Elkner J., History of Information Technology, http://openbookproject.net/courses/intro2ict/history/history.html, 2011. [Accessed on 5/4/2014][2] Shubham Shrivastava and Raghvendra Singh,
Computer Project on History of Computers[3] Davis, Ruth M., Evolution of Computers, SCIENCE VOL 195P.O. Ogunmolu: Computer Science Department, AAUA, Nigeria5/14/201417References