criteria Analysis for - PDF document

1 Using G IS - based Mu lti - criteria Ana
Using G IS - based Mu lti - criteria Analysis for Holiday Resort Site Selection in Weihai, China Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia 2011 Examensarbete , kandidatnivå , 15 hp Geomatik Degree Project for a Bachelor of Science/Technology in Geomatics Study Programme for a Degree of Bachelor of Science in Geomatics 1 Supervisor: Dr. Anders Brandt Examiner: Dr. Bin Jiang Co - examiner: Peter D. Fawcett 2 Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g i Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g ii Abstract Nowadays , GIS techniques have been widely used in every walk of life. O wing to the rapid urban growth, it is of importance to plan and develop the cities in a reasonable and scientific way. As a result, optimum sites of different constructions should be considered to make full use of land resources and optimize urban structure. Although the traditional field - survey method is important , GIS - based multi - criteria analysis ( MCA ) provides a more reasonable and scientific way in site se lection issue . Weihai , our study area, is one of the fastest developing co astal cities in China . Ow ing to the rapid urban expansion, Weihai government municipality plann ed to develop the Poyu town into a new district with multifunction s . I n consideration of its advantages in natural resources and geog

2 raphic position , a holiday resort is
raphic position , a holiday resort is proposed. In the aim of applying GIS - based MCA in site selection , t his the s is would present a n experiment to select th e optimal site for a holiday resort with the help of GIS techniques . The data used in this project is a satellite image and digital elevation data of Poyu town. The satellite image has been digitized to obtain the current land use m ap , based on which constraint maps and factor maps have been made to make preparation of multi - criteria analysis. Finally, the multi - criteria analysis model has been made. The weights for multi - criteria analys is are obtained from the advice of experienced people in Weihai Planning Bureau and also earlier studies on the site selection. There are three sets of weight s based on three themes that have been used in this project . The three themes which we re fruit - picking theme , seascape and sea food theme as well as leisure and recreation theme were decided based on the results of the questionnaire . Through the discussions of the results , a final select ed site for the holiday resort was determined. It includes the optimal site for the main part focusing on both fruit picking theme an d leisure and recreation theme and also the optimal site for a n a ccessory part focusing on seascape and seafood theme. The final s ection concludes the general project work, its perspectives and the function of GIS - based MCA in site selection . Keywords: Weihai, holiday resort, site selection, GIS , multi - criteria analysis Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia

3
GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g iii Table of contents 1. Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 1 1.1 Background ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 1 1.2 Aims ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 4 1.3 The organization of the thesis ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 4 2. Literature Review ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 5 3. Materials ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 7 3.1 Study area ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 7 3.2 Software ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 8 3.3 Data description ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 9 4 Method ................................ ................................

4 ................................ ......
................................ ................................ .......... 10 4.1 Data preprocessing ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 10 4.1.1 Satellite image digitization ................................ ................................ ............................ 10 4.1.2 DEM processing ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 10 4.1.3 Image clipping ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 11 4.2 Criteria determination ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 12 4.3 Constraint maps ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 14 4.3.1 Theory behind constraint maps ................................ ................................ ..................... 14 4.3.2 Constraint map generation ................................ ................................ ............................ 14 4.3.3 Constraint areas ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 14 4.4 Factor maps ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 17 4.4.1 Theory behind factor maps ................................ ................................ ........................

5 .... 17 4.4.2 Factor map generatio
.... 17 4.4.2 Factor map generation ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 17 4.4.3 Requirements for holiday resort ................................ ................................ .................... 19 4.5 Multi - criteria Analysis ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 21 4.5.1 Questionnaire ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 21 4.5.2 Weight determination ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 21 4.5.3 MCA model ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 22 Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g iv 5 Results ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 25 6 Discussions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 29 7 Conclusion and future perspective ................................ ................................ ................................ 31 References ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 32

6 Appendix A Weihai Poyu Town New Disti
Appendix A Weihai Poyu Town New Distinct Planning Questionnaire ................................ .............. A 1 Appendix B Statistic Result of the Questionnaire ................................ ................................ ................ A 4 Appendix C Weights Calculation ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... A 6 Appendix D Result map classification ................................ ................................ ................................ . A 8 Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g v List of Figures Figure 1. The location of study area ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 7 Figure 2. The DEM of Poyu Town ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 9 Figure 3. Satellite image of the Poyu Town ................................ ................................ ............................ 9 Figure 4. Landuse map of the Poyu Town ................................ ................................ ............................ 10 Figure 5. Slope map of the Poyu Town . ................................ ................................ ................................ 11 Figure 6. Aspect map of the Poyu Town . ................................ ................................ .............................. 11 Figur

7 e 7 . Flowchart of data preparation .
e 7 . Flowchart of data preparation . ................................ ................................ ............................... 1 3 Figur e 8 . Flowchart of multi - criteria analysis . ................................ ................................ ...................... 1 3 Figure 9 . Slope constraint map ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 16 Figure 10 . Forest constraint map ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 16 Figure 11 . Sea constraint map ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 16 Figure 12 . Mariculture constraint map ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 16 Figure 13 . Lake constraint map ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 1 7 Figure 14 . Factory constraint map ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 1 7 Figure 15 . Road constraint map ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 17 Figure 16 . Windmill constraint map ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 1 7 Figure 17 . Slope factor map ................................ ................................ ...............................

8 . .................. 1 9 Figure 18 .
. .................. 1 9 Figure 18 . Aspect factor map (view) ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 1 9 Figure 19 . Aspect factor map (sun light) ................................ ................................ ............................... 20 Figure 20 . Forest factor map ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 20 Figure 21 . Agriculture factor map ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 20 Figure 22 . Sea factor map ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 1 9 Figure 23 . Lak e factor map ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 20 Figure 24 . Factory factor map ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 20 Figure 25 . Mariculture factor map ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 20 Figure 26 . Windmill factor map ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 20 Figure 27 . Road factor map ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 21 Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia

9 GIS
GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g vi Figure 28. MCA model for find the suitability map for a holiday resort ................................ .............. 2 3 Figure 29. Result for Fruit - picking theme holiday resort ................................ ................................ ...... 2 4 Figure 30. Result for Seascape and Seafood theme holiday resort ................................ ....................... 2 5 Figure 31. Result for Leisure and Recr eation theme holiday resort ................................ ...................... 2 5 Figure 32. Final result map for linear weighted combination ................................ ............................... 2 7 Figure 33 . Suitable locations for three themes for subjective analysis ................................ .................. 2 7 Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g vii L ist of table s Table 1. Detailed information of the data ................................ ................................ ................................ 9 Table 2. Factors considered in this project ................................ ................................ ............................ 12 Table 3 . Criteria of constraint maps ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 1 6 Table 4 . Weights determination of three different themes ................................ ................................ ..

10 .. 2 2
.. 2 2 Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g viii A cknowledgements T he authors would like to thank all t he people who give us self - giving help in the process of performing this project : Weihai Urban Planning Bureau for provi ding the data for this project; Dr. Anders Brandt, our supervisor, for giving us technical helps and constructive suggestions for this project; Guoqiang Xia , the investigator of We ihai Urban Planning Bureau, for giving us valuable suggestions for weights determin ation; Benfeng Gong , for passing around, taking back and counting our questionnaire ; Boyi Jiang, a Geomatics student in Högskolan i Gävle , for helping us overcome some technical difficulties; Our parents, for encouraging and sup p orting us when we co me across with difficulties. Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia in Gävle, 22 May 2011 Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 1 1 . Introduction 1 . 1 Background I n the last few years, population has increased rapidly with the development of economics and as a result, urbanization has become a major trend on a world wide scale ( Weber and Puissant , 2002) . I t is forecasted that the urban growth is inevitable over the next two decades ( Sadik, 1999) . B ecause of t he limited resources and

11 infrastructure , it has present ed
infrastructure , it has present ed a range wide of problems with the rapidly growing urban areas and u rbanization has become one of the most challenging phenome na all around the world during the beginning of twenty - first century ( Masser , 2001 ; Sadik, 1999 ) . Therefore , it is of vital importan ce and emergency to develop the urban land use in an appropriate and sustainable way ( Kumar et al., 2009). S ince t he traditional way s o f urban land use planning are deeply relied on the biophysical data and followed by the hierarchical approach , the city changes so quickly that the traditional land use management method s are not able to keep up with its speed to update the information ( Nidumolu et al., 2004 ; Pham , Yamaguchi and Bui , 2010) . GIS - based technology, as an advanced and scientific method which provide s a new approach to acquire and analyze real - time data o f the landscape , c an make contributions on site selection to optimum urban structures. A g eographic information system (GIS) refers to „ a computer system that can hold and use data describing places on the Earth ‟ s surface ‟ (Rhind, 1989). B urrough (1986) also defined it as „ a set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real wor ld for a particular set of purposes ‟ . A well - designed GIS should be able to provide the functions that can access and manage a large volume of data or databases easily and effectively; create new data based on the owned spatial data and operate them which can provide help fo

12 r decisions making for particular nee
r decisions making for particular needs (Heywood, Cornelius and Carver, 2006). As a result, GIS has been regarded as „ an ideal tool for use in many tasks, such as decision support, modeling , and even simple mapping ‟ (Delaney, 1999, p.12) . Owing to the successful development in the recent 50 years, GIS has been widely used in many aspects. O ne GIS forum has summarized some applications of it, for example, the resource management which can make sure the sources are used in a reasonable way and Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 2 acquire the greatest benefit ; the cadastral management which can update land information quickly and easily from time to time; the environment management which can evaluate, monitor and mode l the environment as well as its change; the emergency management which can find out the best evacuation route and rescue route, and it can also predict the most possible site of nature disaster based on previous data; the urban planning and land managemen t which can plan the city in a sustainable way and make the most use of infrastructures; the site selection which can provide the best site for building constructions based on the spatial data and environment effects; the visualization application which ca n provide the possibility to view the new planning in 3D form (GIS Forum, 2005). W ith the maturity of the GIS , it is possible to integrate large quantities of different information into one database for a particular purp

13 ose ( Masser , 2001). M ore importantly
ose ( Masser , 2001). M ore importantly, these databases are flexible and extensible, which means that they are free to be updated for the change s of cit y ( Farooq and Ahmad , 2008). What is more, site selection also can benefit from GIS for its ability to perform sensitivity and o ptimization analysi s and communicate model results (Vatalis and Manoliadis, 2002) . Mu l ti - criteria analysis (MCA) also plays an important role in urban site selection for finding the best locations and optimizing urban structures . According to the Multi - criteria analysis, a manual which was published by the Communities and Local Government of Great Britain, Multi - criteria analysis (MCA) is defined as an approach which explicitly shows all options and their contribution s with the help of which the decision makers can judge them. To be more specific, MCA reach e s the objectives by referencing the measurable criteria established by decision makers and choosing the priorities from all options. That is to say, when objectives confirmed, MCA would pr ovide adequate information for decision make r s. The formal MCA usually use an explicitly relative weight system for each criterion. The main role of MCA is to solve the difficulties for unified judgment standard when come across a huge amount of data and d ifficult information. The key feature in MCA is the judgment in both objectives and criteria establishment and the relative weights estimation. MCA and GIS techniques ca n be combined as a powerful tool to ca rry out spatial decision making ( Nas et al. , 2009) . The advantage of using GIS - based

14 MCA is that it is an open, explicit a
MCA is that it is an open, explicit and clear analysis process. The weights can be determined by estimation techniques and it also changeable by cross - referencing to other information sources if necessary. More impo rtantly, the result can be directly used for decision making . The result for MCA is shown as a score Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 3 and usually ranked between zero to one hundred and the decision is pr ioritized for the highest score ( Great Britain. Department of Communities and Local Government, 2009 ). J ust a s Zhu Shuhao, the represen ta tive of two Conferences ( the National People's Congress and the Chinese Political Consultative Conference ) said, with the improvement of life quality and income level, more and more people turn their at tention to the tertiary - industry . To deal with all kinds of stresses from life and work, travelling becomes a way of relaxing and improving mood preferred by most people nowadays ( F u, 2009 ) . Shao Qiwei, the chief of China National Tourism Administration has stated that f or the purpose of providing an enjoyable and comfortable tour, the government has attach ed more importance to the development of tourism and aim to develop the tourist resources in a sustainable and scientific way ( ChinaNet, 2011 ) . Weihai, as the easternmost city of China , is a developing coastal city surrounded by Huang Sea on three sides . I t is located on north latitude 36°41′ to 37°35′ and east lon

15 gitude 121°11′ to 122°42′ (C
gitude 121°11′ to 122°42′ (China Weihai, 2011). Weihai belongs to temperate monsoon continental climate and has dramatic changes of season, abundant precipitation and moderate temperature. E specially in summer, the average temperature is 3 centi - degrees to 4 centi - degrees lower than the cities in the same latitude and that is why We ihai is famous as a summer resort (China Weather, 2009). Moreover , Weihai is the first city which was awarded as „ National Hygienic City ’ in 1990 and also was e ntitled as the „Excellent Tourism City ‟ in 1998 (Ministry of Health of the PRC, 2009; National Tourism Admin istration of the PRC). It is also worthwhile to mention that Weihai Municipal Government has acquired the UN Habitat Scroll of Honor Award issued by United Nations Human Settlements Progr amme in 2003 (NU - HABITAT). All th ese condition s provide favorable advantages for and make contributions on the tourism development in Weihai. On the other hand, nowhere the urbanization situation is more urgent than in China . T he statistical data revealed that the level of urbanization in China increased from 17.9% to 39.1% due to the implementation of policies and reforms f rom 1978 to 2002 (Xinhua News Agency and China Daily, 2004) . The distribution and structure of urban land use is a significant issue to be considered . In order to develop the tourism services in a n en vironment - friendly and profitable way, measures should be taken to make full use of land resource and acquire the most benefits in both economy and natural resources . There

16 fore, the tourist district selection is
fore, the tourist district selection is a considerable issue in tourism development. Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 4 1 . 2 Aims Poyu Town in Weihai, as a coastal town under development , is possessed of abundant tourist resources and conditions. It is surrounded by mountains and sea. Therefore, it is the best choice of amusement and recreation for its pleasant climate, beautiful scenery as well as its own featured agriculture . To bring its tourism advantages into full play, the optimum site for a new resort is required. Based on the communication with Xia Guoqiang (2011, Personal communication) , the investigator of Weihai Urban Planning Bureau , a conclusion can be drawn that GIS - based techniques are not widely used in site selection area for the moment in China where GIS technology concept is just beginning to emerge. Therefore, this thesis aims to carry out an experiment of apply ing the GIS - based multi - criteria analysis to the site selection for a holiday resort in Weihai, China . To be more specific, t he aim of the thesis is to build a GIS - based MCA model to create a suitability map for a h oliday resort site based on different kinds of criteria, for example, resource, transportation , infrastructure and terrain. 1 . 3 The organization of the thesis The main body of this thesi s consists of six chapter s . Th is chapter is the introduction part of this thesis which provides some background knowledge of tech

17 niques used in the project and the base
niques used in the project and the base situation abo ut the study area. C hapter 2 is a literature review which briefly introduces the history and development of site selection issue as well as some previous stud ies on site selection s for different objects . Chapter 3 deal s with the material s used in this project which includ e data of the study area and software used in this project. Chapter 4 focuses on the method used in this project. It illustrates methods for data processing procedure, criteria identification, weight determination, model making and analysis. Chapter 5 displays the results to gether with the discussion s . In the final chapter is presented the conclusion draw n f r o m the whole project together with the future perspective for the final decision of the ho liday resort in the study area. Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 5 2 . Literature Review Site selection issue is a process about finding the optimum site for different kinds of constructions . The earliest thesis on this issue was about a storehouse site selection written by Alfred Weber, a French location theory researcher, in 1909 ( Zhang, 200 7 ) . By the mid 1960s , a unified theory on site selection had still not formed because the applicat ion areas were quite irrelevant . However, in 1964, a book w ritten by Hak imi was published concerning site s selection on transformation centers in communication network system and checkpoin

18 ts in highway system which was rega
ts in highway system which was regarded as a milestone in the history of the developme nt of the site selection theory ( Hakimi, 1964 ) . T he publication of this book can be regarded as a milestone in the history of the devel opment of site selection theory and t he site selection issue began to spr i ng up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain ever since ( Gao and Qiu , 2009 ) . The site selection for holiday resort s is a considerable issue because it plays an important role in the future development of the scenery spo t. At the present time, as Jing stated, the holiday resort selection mostly depends on the field survey and experts‟ assessment and evaluation. For instance, the site for the famous Mediterranean Club was determined as a result of six months ‟ on - the - spot investigation by a group of experts ( Jing, 2007 ) . Foreign researchers did not begin to show interest in applying GIS techniques to site selection issue until the end of the 1990s ( Gao and Qiu, 2009 ) . A selection of municipal solid waste ( MSW ) landfill site in Turkey using GIS and multi - criteria evaluation was been carried out by Nas and other researchers by using ArcGIS 9.0 software . In that research, t he methodology wa s based on a synthetical suitability analysis using map overlays as well as statistical analysis. Eight map layers were created including proximity to three factors, distance from three fac tors and two constraint maps. T he method called index overlay were used. In this method, each factor map is assigned ranking and given a proper weight. A ll the scored map

19 s need to have the same scale and the
s need to have the same scale and the total weight s should add up to one. A final map showing the suitability for the site of the landfill was generated by simple overlay ing of individual map s . Three candidate sites were determined according to the map. The final dec ision needed further researches ( Nas et al., 20 09 ) . Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 6 A study carried out by Gao and Qiu on a GIS - based resort siting evaluation in scenic areas has claimed that a s the development of GIS in China, Chinese experts also began to carry out a site selection with the help of GIS techniques. A selection of holiday resort site in Guangdong Province, China was studied. I n the article , the authors list the seven main factors which have great influences on holiday resort site selection. They are policy and planning, climate, slope, aspect, transportation, scenery and vegetation. In practice, slope, aspect, scenery and transportation factors were analyzed by using spatial analysis models and simulating terrain and viewing. Each factor was given the proper weights determined by experts during the analysis. I n the project , five spots were picked up to be compared based on the evaluation of the four factors. The spot which had the highest score was selected ( Gao and Qiu , 2009 ) . Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 7 3 . M

20 aterials 3 . 1 Study area Poy
aterials 3 . 1 Study area Poyu is a little town located in the northeast of Weihai and about 20 kilometers away from the city center (Figure 1) . P oyu town and Shuangdao bay are the only two undeveloped coastal areas in Weihai . I nfluenced by the urbanization, Weihai Municipal Government has been planning to develop the Poyu town since 19 96. These documents are as follows : Research on Huanhai Road (from Poyu town to Chengshan) Planning (2006), it plan ned to develop Poyu town into the intern ational tourism holiday resort; Planning on the protection and utilization of mountains in Weihai (2009), it plan ned to develop Poyu town to the importa nt tourism destination ; a nd lately is the Overall Planning of the Blue Econ o mic Construction in Weihai ( 2010 ) . So there is an urgent need for a new planning strategy. Figure 1. The location of study area Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 8 T here are l ots of advantages to locate a holiday resort in Poyu town. T o start with, the natural scenery in Poyu is beautiful. Poyu is situated at the Yellow Sea and lean on the slope of Kunyu Mountain. A nd there a re lots of landforms that can be found in Poyu town, for example, low mountain relief , valley, beach, everglade, bay and so on. W hat is more, the seaside protection forest, soft and widespread sand bank is along the sea. W ith these high - quality natural conditions, Poyu town can be deve loped into a perfect place for tourism. S

21 econdly, there are adequate land resourc
econdly, there are adequate land resources in Poyu town. T he slopes of most land are gentle which is suitable for construction. T hirdly, the traffic is convenience and full - function. W est of Poy u town is the train s tation and south of is the Weihai Airport. A dditionally, on the northwest of Poyu town, the International Passenger Transport Terminal in Weihai Port is under construction. T hat is to say, land way , seaway as well as airway arrivals are all available in Poyu. F in ally, the location is advantageous . Poy u is surrounded by the famous tourism resources of Weihai which incl ude Liugong Island, Chengshan, X ixia, Swan Lake and some other tourism district . A s a result, construct a holida y resort in Poyu town i s propitious to integrate the circumambient tourism resources. Poyu town is in urgent need for a new planning strategy. According to the Weihai Urban Planning Bureau, it will be develo p ed into a multi - functional urban district in the east ern part of Poyu town. The new urban district will combin e admi ni stration office, tourism attraction, residential areas, commercial center and cultural center together. 3 . 2 Software T h re e kinds of software have been employed in this project: ArcMap, Erdas Imagine and Analytic hierarchy process ( AHP ) software . ArcMap is the central application of ArcGIS which developed by the Environmental System Research Institute in USA and the main role for ArcMa p is mapping and visualization (ESRI, 2011). In this project, ArcMap is used to digitize map s into different classes based on the satellite image which process is the

22 foundation of this project. Erdas I
foundation of this project. Erdas Imagine is one of the world‟s leading geospatial data analysis software and it is widely used in remote sensing analysis and spatial modeling (Erdas, 2011). For this project, Erdas Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 9 Imagine is employed to do the constraint and factor maps, rectify ima ges and MCA which is used to analyze data. AHP software is computer program which can calculate weight for each option and criterion in MCA (Brandt, 2006 ) . AHP is a linear additive model which is widely used in MCA, the input for AHP is the answer of “How important is A relative to B?” for every criteria and option ( Great Britain. Department of Communities and Local Government, 2009 ). 3 . 3 Data description F igure 2 sh ows the DEM of Poyu and Figure 3 shows the satellite image of Poyu. T he detailed information of the data can be seen in Table 1. Figure 2 . The DEM of Poyu town F igure 3 . Satellite image of Poyu T own T able 1. Detailed information of the data (The coordinate system used in the data is Xi ‟ an 80 coordinate system) Data Format Resolution Scale Extent (top, bottom, left, right) DEM grid 33.29 m 1:10000 4144672.71011 , 4138247.35405 41434975.3539 , 41443331.646 Satellite image tiff 0.6 m 1:10000 4144686.14032 , 4138263.74032 41434992.2581 , 41443314.8581 Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia

23 GIS - based Multi - c
GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 10 4 Method 4 . 1 Data preprocessin g 4 . 1 . 1 Satellite image digitization Because lacked of the near infrared band of the image, it was not suitable for a supervised classification. Instead of classification , digiti zing the image using ArcMap software wa s preferred . T o avoid blanks between polygons when digitizing , the “ append polygon ” method can be useful. When editing the project, choose the “ Auto - Complete Polygon ” task and assign the polygons you create to different classes in layer attribute table to represent diffe rent features. The “ append polygon ” method is a guarantee to make the cells of each feature match with others when converted into raster format. When the digitization process was completed, the image was converted into a raster format wi th the cell size of 10 and e xported as IMAGINE image format ( F igure 4 ) . Figure 4 . Landuse map of Poyu Town 4 . 1 . 2 DEM processing The DEM data was processed into slope map ( Figure 5 ) and aspect map ( F igure 6 ) with the help of spatial analysis in ArcMap to display slope and aspect information. When the Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 11 processes were completed , the two kinds of maps were exported as IMAGINE imag e format with the cell size of 10. Figure 5 . Slope map of Poyu Town Figure 6 . Aspect map of Poyu Town 4 . 1

24 . 3 Image clipping To be able to ca
. 3 Image clipping To be able to carry out the multi - criteria analysis, maps should be clipped to the same extent. As a result, cells of each layer can be matched when overlaying. To clip all the images to the Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 12 same extent, clip function in ArcMap was used at first. But the clip result was not matched with the extent used for clip. It had changed slightly in both directions. To rectify the extent, the image needed to be shifted in Erdas while it was processed into a constraint or factor map. 4 . 2 Criteria determination For a holida y resort site selection, there we re a lot of element s that should be taken into consideration. According to DAYANSCAPE, a company belong ing to the front rank s in landscape design engineering in China , there we re five main aspects to be considered when it came to holiday resort site selection. They we re resource condition, transportation condition , infrastructure condition, tourist mark et as well as economy condition ( DAYANSCAPE, 2011 ) . Meanwhile, Gao and Qiu (2009) , from Shanghai Normal University , summarized a number of factors which influence d the resort site in their research report. They we re policy and planning, climate, slope, aspect, transportation, scenery and vegetation and so on . Based on the current situation as well as l imited by the availability of data, only resource condition, transportation condition, infrastructure condition and terrain cond

25 ition we re considered in our projec
ition we re considered in our project work ( T able 2 ) . The inf ormation from real world we re represented as c onstraint and factor maps and analyze d in GIS. To provide a general overview of the project, a flowchart showing the main processes and elements are displayed in Figure 7 and Figure 8 . T able 2. F actors considered in this project Aspect Elements Way of influence Resource F orest C onstraint and factor S ea C onstraint and factor M ariculture C onstraint and factor A griculture F actor Transportation Road C onstraint and factor Infrastructure Factory C onstrain t and factor Windmill C onstraint and factor Water supply C onstraint and factor Terrain Slope Constraint and factor Aspect F actor Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 13 Figure 7 . Flowchart of data preparation Figure 8 . Flowchart of multi - criteria analysis Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 14 4 . 3 C onstraint maps 4 . 3 . 1 Theory behind constraint maps Constraint maps represent the criteria which are constraint s to the holiday resort. It is a kind of Boolean map which is made up of ones and zeroes. The pixels which have zero value represent the areas which are not possible to utilize . Namely, it is const raint. T he pixels which have value one represent the are

26 as which have no constraint and can
as which have no constraint and can be applied (Brandt, 2009). 4 . 3 . 2 Constraint map generation The process to generate a constraint map can be divided into three steps. First, create a Boolean map based on the original land use map by recoding the pixel values. Two conditions were considered. If no buffer areas were needed, the constraint map can be just created by assigning the constraint class to zero and the rest of classes to one. If buffer areas were required, then assign the constraint class to one and the rest of classes to zero. To involve the buffer areas into the constraint area, search function was needed. Second, use the search function to find the buffer areas around the constraint class by se arching the distance. This step resulted in an image with several classes. For example, if the searching distance was set to two pixels, then the result image would have four classes which were 0 - 3. Class 0 was the original constraint class, classes 1 - 2 we re the buffer zones around the original constraint class and class 3 was the possible area. Third, recode the image by assigning classes 0 - 2 to zero and class 3 to one. The constraint map was created. 4 . 3 . 3 C onstraint areas In our attempt to locate a holiday resort, the following constraint maps we re needed:  Terrain: C_Slope;  Resources: C_Forest, C_Sea, C_Mariculture, C_Lake;  Infrastructure: C_Factory, C_Windmill;  Transportation: C_Road; Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 15 In t

27 erms of terrain , th e slopes lower tha
erms of terrain , th e slopes lower than 14 degrees a re suitable areas while the slopes larger than 14 degrees only can be s uitable on condition that they a re changed into more gentle slopes according to the study done by Gao and Qiu ( 2009 ) . In terms of resource , according to the Planning on the protection and utilization of mountains in Weihai ( Weihai Municippal Government, 2009 ) , the forest areas inside the guard line a re not allowed to be developed and buffer area s around the protection domain a re required. What i s more, t he Lodgepole pine in the forest play s an important part in protecting the city from sea storm s . Therefore, the forest should be preserved and protected from cutting down. For the water resource, it is a significant ecological system . The water body and the areas around with 20 meters as well as the estuar ies have higher ecological value and are not allowed to be developed. In terms of infrastructure, factories and t he wind mills do not need too much protection. However, the windmills which act as wind power stations have some negative influence on the surrounding environment (Zhao, Wang and Han, 2005 ) . Their radiation and insecurity are threats to the safety of the people nearby . On the other hand, it may interfere the prope r functioning of the windmill if tall buildings are set up within 400 meters around it. In terms of transportation , it is too dangerous to build a holiday resort by the side of the main road. On one hand, the traffic noise may influence the life quality of the tourists living in the holiday resort. On

28 the other hand, a large number of touris
the other hand, a large number of tourists may influence the traffic condition and also be threatened by traffic accident. Therefore, a safety zone about 10 meters is preferred. On the basis of the above , t he criteria of the constraint maps were de termined in table 3 and correspon ding maps were shown in F igure 9 to 1 6 . In the constraint maps, the white color represented the possible area and the black color represented the constraint area . Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 16 T able 3.Criteria of constraint maps Aspect Constraint map C onstraint area Terrain Slope Slopes larger than 1 4 degrees R esource Forest Forest and the areas around within 20 meters Water (sea, mariculture and lake) S ea, lake and mariculture area as well as the areas around within 20 meters Infrustracture Factory F actory area Windmill W indmill and the areas around within 400 meters Transportation Roads M ain road and the areas around within 10 meters Figure 9 . Slope constra int map Figure 10 . Forest constraint map Figure 11 . S ea constrain map Figure 12 . Mariculture constraint map Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 17 Figure 13 . Lake constraint map

29 Figure14 . Factory c
Figure14 . Factory constraint map Figure 15 . Road constraint map Figure 16 . Windmill constraint map 4 . 4 Factor maps 4 . 4 . 1 Theory behind factor maps Factor maps represent different criteria which influence the location of a holiday resort. It is represented using consecutive distances and usually made up of values from 0 to 255. The higher the value, the more appropriate the location for building a holiday resort (Brandt, 2009). 4 . 4 . 2 F actor map generation The pr ocess to generate a factor map wa s more complicated than a constraint map. It can be class ified into two conditions. One wa s that t he factor feature itself belonged to a constraint while the other one was that the factor feature wa s possible . For the first condition, the process can be divided i nto five steps. The first step wa s the same as that in constraint map generation. Second, determine the buffer areas by using the “ Search ” Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 18 function . For a factor map, we set the distance to search to the sum of width and height of the image. Third, linearly stretch the image to cover 256 grey levels. Then use the inquire box to check the value trend of the buffer area. If it met the requirement , th e factor map was finished. If it did no t m eet the requirement, more work wa s needed. Fourthly , since the reverse of the value trend wa s wanted, it can be achi

30 eved by subtracting the image value
eved by subtracting the image values with another image values which covered t he same area and all pixels had the value of 255. Finally, clip the constraint area by multiplying the corresponding constraint map. T he final factor map wa s created. For the second condition, the process can be divided into five steps as well. First, recode the image by as signing the pixels of factor feature to one while assigning the rest of pixels to zero. Second, find out the threshold. Threshold refers to the areas which are too small to support the target. In the project, the minimum area for the holiday resort was con sidered to be 1600 pixels with 100 m 2 per one pixel. To get the threshold, clump function was used in advance to group pixels into polygons and then sieve function was used to find out the polygons which were smaller than 1600 pixels (the threshold). Third, recode the pixels of threshold to zero and rest pixels to one. Fourth, determine the buffer areas by searching. The distance was also set to the sum of width and height of the image. Finally, linearly stretch the image to cover 256 grey levels. Then also check the value trend of the buffer area with the help of inquire box. The treatments were the same as the first condition. During the course of generating factor maps, each factor map must be linerly stretched to cover a range of 0 - 255. Regularly , to make a linear stretch between 0 and 255 by LUT stretch method in Erdas, the image must have a contrast table. To perform an easy linear stretch, a simple model was preferred. The formula used in the model was: S = (P i – a) * 255 / (b - a) Wh

31 ere S =
ere S = stretched value P i = original pixel value a = original minimum value b = original maximum value Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 19 4 . 4 . 3 Requirements for holiday resort  Terrain: F_Slope, F_Aspect;  Resources: F_Forest, F_Agriculture, F_Sea, F_Mariculture, F_Lake  Infrastructure: F_Factory, F_Windmill;  Transportation: F_Road. In terms of terrain, the lower the slope, the better it suits for a holiday resort. As for the aspect factor map, two hands were considered. On one hand, in terms of views, it would be better to have a view towards north where the sea is located . O n the south aspect, it is not possible to see the seascape for obstruction of hills. On the other hand, in terms of sunlight , the south aspect has more advantage. As a result, two aspect factor maps were generated: one had a priority of view (view aspect) and another one had a priority of sun light (light aspect) . During the analysis process, the proper one was used according to the specific requirement. In terms of resources and transportation , the closer to the factors, the better it suits for a holiday resort. I n terms of infrastructure, though the factory has little influence on the location of a holiday resort, it is still the farther from it, the better it suits. As for the wind power station , apart

32 from its negative effects, it plays an
from its negative effects, it plays an important part in supporting the resort as a kind of energy. Low - carbon tourism was recommended by Zhu Shuhao (Qian, 2010 ) . Windmill s ha ve their advantages not only as low - carbon energy, but also as a line of scenery. Hence, without the dangerous areas, the closer to it, the better it suits for a holiday resort. On the basis of above, factor maps were generated and shown in F igure 17 to Figure 2 7 . In the factor map, the light part represented high value and the dark part represented low value. The lighter the area was, the more suitable it was for a holiday resort. Figure 17 . Slope factor map Figure 18 . Aspect factor map (view) Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 20 Figure 19. Aspect factor map (sun light) Figure 20. Forest factor map Figure 21 . Agriculture factor map Figure 22. Sea factor map Figure 23 . Lake factor map Figure 24. Factory factor map Figure 25 . Mariculture factor map Figure 26. Windmill factor map Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 21 Figure 2

33 7 . Road factor map 4 . 5
7 . Road factor map 4 . 5 Multi - criteria Analysis 4 . 5 . 1 Questionnaire Different factor s influence the holiday resort selection to a different degree. T o reveal the significant level of ea ch factor, different weights were needed for the factor maps. As the importance order and weights w ere difficult to judge for a general holiday resor t, a questio nnaire for acquiring public opinions were done. 60 copies were delivered and 50 efficient responds were collected. According to the questionnaire results , t hree kinds of holiday resorts with specific themes were identified . They were fruit - pic king theme, seascape and seafood theme as well as leisure and recreation theme. The questionnaire and the statistical results are available in Append i x A and Appendix B . 4 . 5 . 2 Weight determinatio n T he order of importance and relati onships between factors were discussed with respect to three kinds of holiday resort with different theme . According to the suggestions from the experts in Weihai Urban Planning Bureau, the importance order and relationships between factors we re identified for each theme. Xia (2011, Personal communication) , the investigator of Weihai Urban Planning Bureau, claimed that to s ite a holiday resort, th ere are so many factors to be considered. S ince only the general location was wanted, he suggest ed u s to focus on the following aspects. Based on the condi tions of Weihai and the data we go t, he pe rsonally thought that sea, forest and Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia

34 GIS - based Mul
GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 22 transportation we re relatively important. For the factory, it may be ignored sometimes when it came to a holiday resort si te selection. I n this study, w e can treat it as the l e ast important factor as they are seafood production factories and not likely to have a negative effective on tourism . As for the rests, no specific importa nce order was required. What he suggest ed wa s to consider and analyze these fac tors on the basis of the theme. Based on the suggestions and the requirements of each theme, weights were determined with the help of AHP and shown in the following table ( Table 4 ) . T able 4. Weights determination for three different theme s Feature W eight for fruit picking theme W eight for sea scape and sea food theme W eight for leisure and recreation theme F actory 0.0191 0.0185 0.0882 M ari culture 0.0608 0.1721 0.0882 Forest 0.0608 0.0583 0.1742 S ea 0.0608 0.1721 0.0882 W indmill 0.0900 0.0883 0.0882 L ake 0.1279 0.0371 0.0182 S lope 0.1279 0.1248 0.1284 A spect 0,1279 0.1248 0.1284 R oad 0.1449 0.1458 0.1390 A griculture 0.1797 0.0583 0.0590 4 . 5 . 3 MCA model The MCA model (F igure 2 8 ) can be divided into three parts: constraint maps combination (the upper part) , factor maps combination ( the lower part) and final combination of constraint and factor maps (the middle part) . For t he constraint maps , they we re all made up of values of zero and one . T he combination can be easily achieve

35 d by multiplying them with each other.
d by multiplying them with each other. Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 23 For the factor maps, all the factor maps were scored from 0 to 255 where 255 wa s the optimal choice. T he suitability map wa s a weighted linear combination of factor maps. It can be achieved by following the algorithm : S =  w i f i Where S = suitability for the holiday resort w i = weight of factor i f i = criteria score of factor i To generate the final suitability map, the factors and constraints were both considered. A simple overlay technique where the corresponding pixel values are multiplied with each other was used . Figure 2 8 .MCA model for find the suitability map for a holiday resort During the analysis, same constraint maps and factor maps were used for all three themes except for the aspect factor map. Two kinds of aspect factor map - view aspect factor map and light aspect factor map - were used. For seascape and seafood theme, it is better to have a view to ward sea, so view aspect factor map was used. For leisure and recreation and fruit - picking themes, sun light condition plays a dominant role, so li ght aspect factor map was used. Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 24 Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analys

36 is for Urban Plannin g 25 5 R
is for Urban Plannin g 25 5 Results The results were three suitability map s for the holiday resor t with different theme and can be seen in Figure 29 to Figure 31 . For each suitability map, the areas with higher v alues were classified into five classes based on th e pixel value and pixel amount. The minimum ar ea of the holiday reso rt was considered to be 1600 pixels in the project, so the re were more than 1600 pixels in each class ( see Appendix D) . The five classes were marked with gradient color where t he red represented the best locations while the yellow ones were relative ly worse compared with other classes. For the result map of fruit - picking theme, the best locations were mainly distributed discontinuous ly in the upper left part, around the seaside. The pixels with little lower values were mostly gathered in the middle part and formed a large conjoint area beside the road. For the result map of seascape and seafood theme, the highest values were mostly ga thered along the seaside covering small and dis continuous areas. For the leisure and recreation theme, the optimum areas were concentrated in two locations: the upper left and the middle part. T he areas with little lower values were mostly gathered around the optimum area in the middle part. Figure 29 . Result for Fruit - p icking theme holiday resort Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 26 Figure 30.Result for Seascape and Seafood theme holiday resort Figure 31 . Result

37 for Leisure and Recreation theme holiday
for Leisure and Recreation theme holiday resort In terms of each individual result map, it was controversial and unreasonable to decide the final location for a holiday resort based on one specific theme. S o the final result is a combination of three themes. I n this project, two kinds of combinations we re considered. One is objective linear - weighted combination and the other one is subjective analysis combination. Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 27 In linear - weighted combination, the three theme result maps were given different weights based on the questionnaire and added up together to get a multi - theme s holida y resort result map. The weight for fruit - picking theme was 0.596 , the weight for leisure and recreation theme was 0.234 and the weight for seascape and seafood theme was 0.170. This result map was also divided into five classes a s the single theme result map. The red color represented the most suitable sites for the holiday resort and the suitability decreased as the color changed gradually from red to yellow (Figure 32) . In subjective analysis combination, the three themes were selected separately for the holiday resort . Comparing the three results, it can be seen that two of them were quite similar while another one was much more different. For fruit - picking theme and leisure and recreation theme, they both had two similar main areas with relatively high values: one was small with higher values while the other one was large with little lower values.

38 Concerning the required space of a holi
Concerning the required space of a holiday resort, the larger one with little lower values was preferred . To combine the two resul t maps, the common part of the middle interest areas was picked up to build an integrated holiday resort with both fruit - picking and recreation theme. As it was revealed from the maps, the recreation theme was more preferred in this area. Consequently , the recreation theme would act as a priority theme while the fruit - picking theme would act as a subtheme in the holiday resort. For seascape and seafoo d theme, the ideal location did no t fit for a holiday resort covering a large area. Instead, a seascape park and a hotel serving special local seafood were considered in the optimum location which was the largest red area in its result map. The result map is shown in Figure 33 , where the red one represented the leisure and recreation theme, the yellow one repres ented the fruit - picking theme and the blue one represented the seascape and seafood theme. Though different combination methods were used, the final suitable locations were similar in two results. That is to say, the optimum location for the holiday res ort should be located in the selected areas in this project . Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 28 Figure 32. Final result map for linear - weighted combination Figure 33 . Suitable l ocations for three themes for subjective analysis Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia

39 GI
GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 29 6 Discussions Even though the aims of the project has been achieved finally, there are still a lot of deficienc ies during the course. The deficiencies can be summarized into three main respects which are data quality limitation, operational limitation and criteria limitation. The data quality limitation refers to the low precision of data. Owing to the underdevelopment and currently limited used status of GIS technology in Weihai , the DE M acquired from Weihai Urban Planning Bureau is low - precision and has never been used for a site sele ction analysis. T he low - precision DEM was made based on several low - precision elevation points which l ead to the same elevation value for certain areas within a specific elevation range. Therefore, these elevation values just represent the general elevatio n of the areas instead of their true values. A s a result, the slope map which generated from the DEM looks weird and it seems like the contour lines. N onetheless, the selected site s are located on the gentle areas and the unexpected weird slope map has no huge influences on t he final result s . I n order to make the result s more convinced, it would be better to use the high - precision DEM data in future study . The operational limitation refers to the inaccuracy factor maps. I n the study area, there is a large area of sea on the north side. From those factor maps, the lowest or highest values of the buffer zones are located in the sea which is not possible for the holiday resort. Th

40 e correct values for all pixels in the
e correct values for all pixels in the sea sho uld be zero. H owever, the sea area has been created into a constraint map for MCA analysis. T hose values in the sea can be changed to zero when overlaying with the sea constraint map. Therefore, the inaccuracy factor maps have no influence on the final res ults. The criteria limitation refers to the limited number of factors and their weights in the project. Even though the study area of this project is a small town of Weihai, there are still lots of factors need to be considered for a holiday resort . In t his study, only terrain, resources , infrastructures and transportation conditions ha ve been considered. As a matter of fact, plenty of factors have influences on the final decision for a holiday resort, such as the cost of construction, the number of tourist s , the rate of sun lighting, the laws and regulations of buildings and so on. In addition, the public‟s advices are also carrying weight in the site Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 30 decision of a holiday resort. Furthermore, the laws and reg ulations are needed to restrict the available areas. What is more, the relationship between different constructions is also very important for the holiday resort site selection . A nother limitation is the weights determination. As a fact of that there are v ery few articles are related to a holiday resort site selection issue in both English and Chinese, a significant way to determine the weights is to consult experienced people a

41 nd experts. B ecause of the limitations
nd experts. B ecause of the limitations of time and space, there w as only one exp erienced person who worked in the Weihai Urban Planning Bureau would like to provide help and advices. S o the weights of this project are the result of the advices and some literature reviews. H owever, advices from one person are not persuasive enough and have inaccuracies more or less. I n the future studies, more advices from experienced people and experts should be involved . What is more, t he questionnaire us ed in this project was a useful way to solicit opinions from the public. O wning to the limitation of time and space and for receiving the maximum reply, most of the respondents are classmates and teachers of the authors. S o the results of the questionnaire have some limitations . In the future, if the assumption in this project c an be adopted, a more detailed questionnaire is needed to get the advices and suggestions from the public. A nd what is more important is that give some questionnaire s to the local people because they are the people who knowing a lot of the true situation a nd the site selection for the holiday resort is in a closest relations with them. S o the respondents from the local people should be paid more attentions. Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 31 7 Conclusion and future perspective T he result s of this project show that applying GIS - based multi - criteria analysis (MCA) for a ho liday site selection is both feasible and effe

42 ctive . I t is done through built up
ctive . I t is done through built up MCA model to analyze all constraint maps and factor maps by giving them different weights and get the final result. F o r the mean time, the project has proved that GIS and remote sensing technologies can make the process of site selection and urban planning in a n effective and scientific way. A lthough there are some limitations in this project, it provides a modern idea of using GIS technologies to select site for a holiday resort in a scientific way. W hat is more, with the mature and widespread of GIS and remote sensing techn ologies, the applic ation of GIS - based MCA for site selection would become the trend of the time. I n addition, w hen doing the literature revie w, very few articles related to site selection for a holiday resort have been found. I t means that holiday resorts site selection have not been much accounted by most people. S o this project also provides a reference for others ‟ studies on holiday resorts site selection. Moreover , for the fact that Weihai municipal government planned to expend the Poyu town, this project provide s the tra in of thought for the site selections in a scientific way. I n the future studies, more time and effort s should be spent to solve the proble ms mentioned in the discussion part. M oreover, some case studies of other successful holiday resorts site selections can be done. R esearchers can analyze their spatial structure and the location to gain experiences and use them to optimize their own holiday resorts site selection. Generally speaking , the preconcert aim of the project, create a MCA model and

43 use the GIS software to select the
use the GIS software to select the optimal site for holiday re sort, ha s been rea ched. F urthermore, shortcomings and limita tions also have been mentioned. Weihai municipal government could utilize the idea of this project to select the optimal site for the holi day res ort in Poyu. I t can not only develop the resources in a sustainable way, but also maximize the profits of local government and people. Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 32 References Brandt, S.A. ( 2006 ) , AHP v. 2.0. Analytic hierarchy process software [Computer program]. A vailable at: http://www.sab.geovega.se/lattjo.html (Accessed: 6 May 2011). Brandt, S. A. (2009), Unpublished Lecture notes in the course Remote Sensing and GIS Analysis in Land Management. Programme of Geomatics, University of Gavle, Sweden. Burrough, P.A. (1986), Principles of Geographic Information System for Land Resources Accessment. Clarendon Press, Oxford. China Net (2011), Shao Weiqi Make a Speech on “ China Travel Day ” T heme Activity (In Chinese). Available at: http://www.china.com.cn/travel/txt/2011 05/20/content_22603832.htm . (Accessed date: 15 May 2011). China Weather (2009), Climate feature of Weihai (In Chinese). Available at: http://sd.weather.com.cn/sdqh/gsqhtd/11/86241.shtml (Accessed date: 15 May 2011). China Weihai (20 11 ) , Geographic Location (In Chinese). Available at: http://www.weihai.gov.cn/gk/zjwh/whgk/whgk_1.asp (Accessed date: 15 May 2011) . DAYANSCAPE (2011

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47 challenge . City De v elopment Strate g
challenge . City De v elopment Strate g ies , 1 , pp. 16 – 23 . Vatalis, K., & Manoliadis, O. (2002) , A two - level multicriteria DSS for landfill site selection using GIS: Case study in Western Macedonia, Greece. Journal of Geographic Information and Decision Analysis, 6 (1), pp. 49 – 56. Weber, C. and Puissant, A. (2002) , Urbanization pressure and modeling of urban growth: example of the Tunis Metropolitan Area . Remote Sensing of Environment , 12(1), pp. 341 - 352 . Weihai Municipal Government (2006), Research on Huanhai Road (from Poyu town to Chengshan) Planning . Weihai: We ihai People ‟ s Municipal Governemnt. Weihai Municipal Government (2009), Planning on the protection and utilization of mountains in Weihai . Weihai: Weihai People ‟ s Municipal Governemnt. Weihai Municipal Government (2010), Overall Planning of the Blue Economic Construction in Weihai . Weihai: Weihai People ‟ s Municipal Governemnt. X ia, G. Q. (2011), T elephone conversation with Meichen Liu and Xiaolin Xia, 11 May. Xinhua News Agency and China Daily (2004) , Ministry E nsures P roper L and U se in U rbanization (In Chinese) . Available at: www.china.org.cn/english/government/95918.htm ( Accessed : 20 March 2011). Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g 36 Zhang, J. (2007), Studies the location problem of the public facilities in a city based on the geographic grid (In Chinese with English Abstract). P ublished Master thesis. T he Normal Univ

48 ersity of Nanjing. Zhao, D. Q., Wang
ersity of Nanjing. Zhao, D. Q., Wang, Y. and Han, X. S. (2005), Main Environmental Problem of Wind Electric Power Generation Field (In Chinese with English Abstract), Science of Environment Protection , 31, pp. 66 - 67. Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g A 1 Appendix A W eihai Poyu Town New Distinct Planning Questionnaire 1 . Your personal information ( P lease make kick in the responding “□” , if there are no options suitable, please explain it briefly on the “_____”) a . Are you living in Poyu Town? □ Y es □ N o b . Your gender: □ M ale □ F emale c . Your age: □ U nder 20 □ 21 - 35 □ 36 - 45 □ 46 - 60 □ A bove 60 d . Your job occupation: □ S ervice person □ T eacher □ C ivil servant □ S tudent □ O ther ______ e . Your education level: □ H igh school and below □ B achelor □ M aster and above f . Your monthly income: □ U nder 1000 RMB □1001 - 2500 RMB □ 2501 - 5000 RMB □ A bove 5000 RMB 2 . Survey questions (please make kick in the responding “□”, if there are no options suitable, please explain it briefly on the “_____”) a . Do you know the circumstance of the new distinct planning in Poyu Town? □ I know a lot □ I know a little □ I have no idea about it b . Do you think the new distinct planning is relative to you? □ I n clos

49 e relation ship □ I n general rel
e relation ship □ I n general relationship □ N o relationship c . Which problems need to be solved in the new distinct planning? □ R esidential area □ C ity traffic □ P ublic service □ U rban green land □ Others_____ Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g A 2 d . What are you r main aims for travelling? □ To i mprove and strength the health □ T o border your knowledge and eyes □ To f eeling culture □ T o cultivate your taste/temperament □ T o make friends □ T o relax □ T o enjoy nature scene □ T o strengthen the relationship □ O thers___________ e . What are the main factors i nfluence your vacation? □ T raffic □ T ime □ C ost □ W hether you are interested for the destination □ I nimitable symbol of the destination □ F riends‟ advices □ O thers__________ f . Which aspects did you focus on most during your vacation? □ A ccommodations condition □ E ntertainment condition □ T our quality □ F ood and drink □ T raffic tools □ O thers___ _____________ g . What kind of tourism landscape do you prefer ? □ H istorical sites □ N atural scene □ L ocal conditions and customs □ W orld culture □ O thers_____ h . Which kind of tourism do you prefer in Poyu new dist r i ct ? □ B usiness club □ A musement and recreation □ R ecuper ate and strengthen your body □ W ild game animals and sea food □ C hara

50 cteristic planting □ F ruit picking
cteristic planting □ F ruit picking □ O thers________ Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g A 3 i . If you are going to Poyu for travelling, how much money would you like to spend for each person ? □ U nder 200 RMB □200 - 500RMB □500 - 1000RMB □ A bove 1000RMB j . Your advices for our planning ___________________ __________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Your contacts: ____________________ Thank you for your participati ng, we will consider you advices and we hope the new distinct in Poyu would be a good place for your vacation tourism!! Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g A 4 Appendix B Statistic Result of the Questionnaire 1 . Your personal information a . Are you living in Poyu Town? Yes No Number of People: 0 50 b . Y our gender: Male Female Number of People: 16 34 c . Y our age: Under 20 21 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 60 A bove 60 Number of people: 14 14 12 10 0 d . Y our job occupation: Service person Teacher Civil servant Student Other Number of people: 7 22 7 14 0 e . Y our education level: H igh school and below B achelor M aster and above N umber of people: 22 25 3 f . Y

51 our monthly income (RMB): Under 10
our monthly income (RMB): Under 1000 1001 - 2500 2501 - 5000 A bove 5000 N umber of people: 14 7 28 1 2 . Survey questions a . Do you know the circumstance of the new distinct planning in Poyu Town? O ptions: I know a lot I know a little I have no idea about it N umber of people: 0 35 15 b . Do you think the new distinct planning is relative to you? O ptions: I n close relationship I n general relationship N o relationship Number of people 0 45 5 Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g A 5 c . Which problems need to be solved in the new distinct planning? O ptions: R esidential area C ity traffic P ublic service U rban green land O thers N umber of people: 3 30 5 12 0 d . What are you r main aims for travelling? O ptions: H ealth K nowledge Culture C ultivate taste M ake friends R elax N ature Relationship O thers N umbers: 5 4 6 21 0 13 1 0 0 e . What are the main factors influence your vacation? O ptions: T raffic T ime C ost I nterested I nimitable symbol F riends ‟ advices O thers N umbers: 0 38 7 3 0 2 0 f . Which aspects did you focus most during your vacation? O ptions: A ccommodations E ntertainment T our quality F ood &drink T raffic O thers N umbers: 11 15 5 12 7 0 g . What kind of tourism landscape do you prefer ? O ptions: H istorical sites N atural scene L ocal custom

52 s W orld culture O thers N umbers
s W orld culture O thers N umbers: 15 20 10 5 0 h . Which kind of tourism do you prefer in Poyu new dist r i ct ? O ptions: C lub A musement R ecuperation S ea food P lanting P icking O thers N umbers: 0 11 3 8 0 28 0 i . If you are going to Poyu for travelling, how much money would you like to spend for each person (RMB) ? O ptions: U nder 200 200 - 500 500 - 1000 A bove 1000 N umber of people: 4 20 19 7 j . Your advices for our planning : Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g A 6 Appendix C Weights Calculation A ccording to Multi - criteria analysis: a manual ( Great Britain. Department of Communities and Local Government, 2009 ), the numerical values for different factors are obtained based on the following table (Table 1). 0.125 (1/8), 0.167 (1/6), 0.250 (1/4), 0.5 (1/2), 2, 4, 6 and 8 are intermediate values that can be used to represent shades of judgment between the ten basic assessments . A nd the following figures are the Print Screen when calculating the weights (Figure 1 to Figure 3). T able 1. Numerical values for different important factors H ow important is A relative to B? Preference index assigned O verwhelmingly less important 0.111 (1/9) V ery strongly less important 0.143 (1/7) S trongly less important 0.200 (1/5) M oderately less important 0.333 (1/3) E qually important 1 M oderately more important 3 S trongly more important 5 V ery strongly more important 7

53 O verwhelmingly more improtant 9
O verwhelmingly more improtant 9 Figure 1 . Weight calculation for fruit - picking theme Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g A 7 Figure 2 . Weight calculation for leisure and recreation theme Figure 3 . Weight calculation for seascape and seafood theme Meichen Liu & Xiaolin Xia GIS - based Multi - criteria Analysis for Urban Plannin g A 8 Appendix D Result map classification Table 2 . Fruit - picking theme result map classification Class Color Value range Number of pixels 1 225 – 2 45 1683 2 222 – 224 1916 3 220 – 221 1805 4 218 – 219 1819 5 216 – 217 2204 Table 3 . Leisure and recreation theme result map classification Class Color Value range Number of pixels 1 215 – 227 1607 2 210 – 214 1827 3 207 – 209 1903 4 204 – 206 2119 5 201 – 203 2107 Table 4 . Seascape and seafood theme result map classification Class Color Value range Number of pixels 1 227 – 24 2 1647 2 220 – 22 6 1788 3 216 – 2 19 1966 4 212 – 21 5 1946 5 210 – 21 1 2261 Table 5 . Linear weighted combination result map classification Class Color Value range Number of pixels 1 233 – 254 1651 2 230 – 232 1729 3 227 – 229 1754 4 224 – 226 2165 5 2