Explain the Visual Cliff Experiment Social Development Ways in which infants children learn to relate to other people Infants play by themselves as they grow they begin to play with others ID: 728620
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Slide1
Agenda
To Get:
To Do:Slide2
Opener
Explain the Visual Cliff ExperimentSlide3
Social Development
Ways in which
infants /
children learn to relate
to other people
Infants
play by themselves; as they grow they begin to play with othersSlide4
Attachment
Emotional ties
with others
Keeps people together
Essential for infant survival
Development of Attachment
Infants
prefer being held or around ANYONE
By 4 months specific attachment with care givers form esp. Mothers, grows strongest by 6-7 monthsBy 8 months stranger anxiety develops; most notable if touched by strangersSeparation anxiety also develops at this time; crying and behavior changes when primary care giver leavesSlide5
Attachment
cont
’
Contact Comfort
Instinctual need to touch and be touched
by something soft, such as skin or fur
Animal studies suggest this is
more important than
the need for foodProvides a secure basis of comfort for infants to explore the world around themHarlow’s StudySlide6
Attachment
cont
’
Imprinting
Instinctual attachment
– develops in a critical period
following birth
Animals imprint on the
first moving object they seeKonrad Lorenz did this experiment with geese, and they followed him around, ALL THE TIME!Humans have no known critical period, as evidenced in adopted children attached to adoptive parents long after infancy.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nzs_8oUIE68
Slide7
Secure Attachment
Occurs when
mothers
or other
primary caregivers
are
affectionate and reliable
Typically
mature as secure children: happy, friendlier, and more cooperative with parents and teachers.Insecure AttachmentOccurs when caregivers are unresponsive or unreliableTend to misbehave more oftenDo not do as well in schoolAttachment
cont
’Slide8
Styles of Parenting
Differing
dimensions that can be
combined
,
most parents
tend to be in the
center of all four
. Warmth-ColdnessWarm parents show lots of affectionCold parents do not show affection or seem to enjoy their childrenChildren of warm parents are more likely to develop a greater sense of moral goodness and a sense of responsibility when they do wrong
Children of cold parents are usually
more interested in escaping punishment
rather than doing the right thingSlide9
Styles of Parenting
Strictness-Permissiveness
Strict parents
impose
many rules and supervise children closely
Can’t stand messy environment
Worry kids are having a negative impact on others
Permissive parents impose
fewer rules and watch children less closelyLess concerned about neatnessFeel children need freedom to learn and express themselves to become independentMay be unclear of expectations at timesOverall, research suggests that consistent and firm enforcement of rules fosters achievement and self-control,
esp. when combined with warmth.
Conversely,
physical punishment or constant interference may lead to disobedience and poor grades
in school.
(some states still allow corporal punishment?!)Slide10
What are the combinations below?Slide11
What are the combinations below?
CS CP WS WPSlide12
Styles of Parenting
Authoritative
“
authority”
Warmth with positive strictness
Authoritarian
Obedience for its own sake
“because I said so, that’s why!”
NeglectfulCold and unresponsiveNo rulesIndifferentuninvolvedPermissiveFew or no rulesLenient
Indulgent
Warm and responsiveSlide13
Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive NeglectfulSlide14Slide15
Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive NeglectfulSlide16Slide17
Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive NeglectfulSlide18Slide19
Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive NeglectfulSlide20Slide21
Parenting Style
Identification…
ID and Explain WHY
That 70’s Show
https
://youtu.be/JqwDhzGmnHU
Willy Wonka
https://youtu.be/yxp5diX7ucA
Combo – Brave, Mean Girls, Harry Potter, and Lion Kinghttps://youtu.be/29hzaoWOksESlide22
Child Abuse and
Neglect (Good Will Hunting)
Widespread
Can be
physical OR psychological
Estimated at over
3 million kids per year
are abused in the United States
Most goes unreportedRarely do kids report to authoritiesParents tend to protect each other’s abusive behaviorTends to be generational as many parenting styles/techniques are passed from parent to childAbused children are at a higher risk for developing
psychological problems
, are
unsure of themselves
and
less likely to explore
the world around them
Future problems could be
anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, weak friendships (trust) and aggressive behaviorSlide23
Child Abuse and
Neglect
What are the causes?
Stress, particularly the stresses caused by unemployment and poverty
History of child abuse from parents
Acceptance of violence as a means of coping with stress
Lack of
attachement
to a childSubstance abuseRigid attitudes about child rearingSlide24
Self-Esteem
Begins early in childhood
The
value or worth people attach to themselves
Protects people against stresses and struggles of life
Influences on Self-Esteem
Secure
attachment
Close to parents via love and involvementParents teach/expect appropriate behavior Unconditional Positive RegardParents love and accept children for who they are – regardless of behavior
; “you did wrong, but I still love you.”
Conditional Positive Regard
Parents
only show love when children behave in acceptable ways
Tend to only be happy when pleasing others
= low self-esteem
By 4 years, competence can increase self-esteem
, “I am good at…)Slide25
Self-Esteem
cont
’
Gender and Self-Esteem
By
age 5-7
children
value themselves based on physical appearance and performance in school
Cultural Self-fulfilling prophecies? Girls tend to be better at reading and general academicsBoys tend to be better at math and physical skillsAge and Self-Esteem
Competency increased with age/development
However, self-esteem
drops in the pre-teen years
as children begin to
compare themselves to others
Others may not see them as they see themselves – the
AWKWARD stageSlide26
Guess the Celebrity!
On the following slides there are five well-known celebrities.
They had awkward preteen years…
See if you can identify them before seeing who they are. Slide27Slide28Slide29Slide30Slide31Slide32Slide33Slide34Slide35Slide36Slide37Slide38Slide39Slide40Slide41Slide42Slide43Slide44Slide45
Scenarios…
You will be assigned a parenting style and a scenario.
Your job is to decide how you would react based on the parenting style you have been assigned.