The learner will describe and compare patterns of culture such as language religion and customs that make a specific region in the world distinctive WHAT IS CULTURE Culture refers to a peoples way of life including how they meet their needs their language religion beliefs customs ID: 721632
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McDonalds - IndiaSlide3
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
The learner will describe and compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, and customs that make a specific region in the world distinctive. Slide4
WHAT IS CULTURE?
Culture refers to a people’s way of life – including how they meet their needs, their language, religion, beliefs, customs, institutions and technology
. Slide5
What is Culture? Slide6
Customs
Things people usually do –
how they dress
the foods they eat
how they celebrate holidays
and the great turning points of life – birth, coming of age, marriage, parenthood and death. Slide7
Roles
Roles are based upon rules for proper behavior of individuals in a particular position or situation.
Gender roles are those specifically assigned to men and women. In certain countries women are required to stay at home or wear special clothing. Slide8
Institutions
Organizations developed by each society to make social roles clear and to take care of social needs.
Families
Schools
Governments
Military/Army
Hospitals/ChurchesSlide9
Social Structure
A defined or undefined
social class system –
Upper Class – wealthy and own large share of property.
Middle Class – professionals who are educated and small business owners
Working Class- manual laborers who work in factories, mining or transportation.
Lower Class – Uneducated and unskilled. Take least desirable and worst paying jobs. Slide10
Rural or Urban – How people live together
In some cultures people mostly live in the countryside. Homes are small huts of mud and thatch, or simple cottages.
Spend time as farmers, livestock herders or village craftsmen. Maintain traditional ways.
Other cultures people live in large cities with advanced levels of technology. They have roads, bridges and buildings. Slide11
Rural vs. Urban Slide12
Multicultural Societies
Containing a mix of peoples and cultures – such as United States, Brazil or England.
Sometimes minority (an ethnic or religious group other than the dominant group) can be persecuted or discriminated against.
Genocide is the extermination of an entire ethnic group. Slide13
RELIGION
One of the most important aspects of culture is religion.
Today, seven major religions have the greatest number of followers around the world: animism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Sikhism.
Confucianism and Daoism have significant followings primarily in China and the Far East.Slide14
What is Religion?
A
set of beliefs
about the meaning of life, the nature of the universe and the existence of the supernatural (including a God or supreme being).
A set of
customs and practices
that relate to the
worship of God,
or several gods, and a set of rules for the
conduct of a good life.
An
organization,
such as a church or other place of worship, which oversees the conduct of religious practices.
Most religions designate some special places as sacred or holy. Slide15
ANIMISM
Belief that many things in
nature have their own spirit.
Earliest forms of religion.
Peoples have believe that
animals, plants, and even places
had their own spirits.
Practiced by
Native Americans, Mesoamericans, Australian Aborigines.Slide16
JUDAISM Slide17
Judaism emerged in the Middle East, Canaan
or Palestine .
Emerged 4000 years ago in the area along the Mediterranean occupied by present day Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan.
First religion to assert the existence of one God- or the concept of monotheism.
Origins
of JudaismSlide18
Teaches that the Hebrew people are descended from Abraham, the patriarch with whom God formed the Covenant.
Ancient Hebrews migrated from Israel to Egypt to escape food shortages. They remained there hundreds of years, where they became enslaved by the Egyptians.
Moses later led the Jews out of Egypt and back to Israel. It was during this migration where God gave Moses the Ten Commandments which were meant to guide the conduct of God’s people and initiated a solemn covenant with this people.
HISTORY OF JUDAISMSlide19
There is only one God.
God is the ultimate authority and possesses final dominion over the universe
Life is Holy.
The Torah is a guide to correct and upright living.
Group worship and prayer are indispensable elements of a righteous life.
Fundamental Beliefs
of JudaismSlide20
HOLY TEXTS OF JUDAISM
The first books of the Old Testament give the history of the ancient Hebrews and their relationship with God.
The first five books are referred to as the Torah.
Ten Commandments emphasized living justly and following God’s commandments. They forbade believing in false gods, stealing, murder, adultery, and other forms of immoral behavior. Slide21
CHRISTIANITY Slide22
ORIGINS OF CHRISTIANITY
Christianity began about
2,000
years ago. It is based upon the teachings of Jesus.
Began as a small sect in country of
Palestine
in the Middle East.
Eventually became the
major religion of the Roman Empire
. Slide23
Who was Jesus?
A
Jew born in Bethlehem.
Mother was Mary, father Joseph.
Worked as a carpenter along with his father.
Jesus preached forgiveness, mercy and sympathy for the poor and helpless. Slide24
Crucifixion
The Romans crucified Jesus
for claiming he was the
Messiah
or Savior.
After his death, a band of followers, known as the
Apostles,
believed Jesus had risen from the dead to redeem mankind. Slide25
BELIEFS
Christians
believe
Jesus was the son of God and sacrificed himself to save humankind
from punishment for their sins.
Christians believe that after his death, Jesus was
resurrected and rose
to heaven.
Christians believe they will be
saved and will go to Heaven
after death if they have
faith
in Christ as their savior. Slide26
THE HOLY
BIBLE
The sacred book of Christianity consists of the
Old Testament
(the Jewish Bible) and the
New Testament
which describes the life of Christ and the works of the Apostles. Slide27
The Spread
of Christianity
Became the major religion of the Roman Empire.
Later, Christians divided into Orthodox Christians, Catholics and Protestants.
Pope is head of the Catholic Church – Catholics believe he is God’s deputy on Earth.
Orthodox Christians are mainly found in
Greece
and
Russia
.
Protestants
reject the Pope’s authority and believe that people should interpret the Bible for themselves. Slide28
HINDUISM Slide29
ORIGINS OF HINDUISM
The Aryans came from Central Asia, crossed the
mountain passes
through the
Himalayas
and arrived in
India
about 1500 B.C.E.
The Aryans brought with them a new religion to India called Hinduism. Slide30
ORIGINS OF HINDUISM
Began
on Sub-Continent of India around the Indus River over 4,000 years ago.
No founder
Hinduism
is unique in that it cannot be traced to any specific individuals or historic event.
The faith is an extraordinary
collection of variations and expansions.Slide31Slide32
POLYTHEISM
AT ITS GREATEST
Over
1,000 gods
There is freedom to believe in one god, many gods or no god.
Hindus believe that there are
many gods and goddesses
, however, it is a manifestation of
one Supreme Being
.Slide33
BRAHMA
One of three main
Hindu gods.
Personification of the Absolute, the creator of the world.Slide34
VISHNU
Known
as the Preserver and protector.Slide35
SHIVA
Symbolizes
the various forms of energy. Embodies both creation and destruction.
Slide36
CIRCLE OF LIFE
Hinduism is based
upon the idea of reincarnation – the concept that all living beings are in a cycle of death and rebirth, and that human beings are reborn several times in different forms or bodies.
The doctrine of reincarnation holds that one is trapped by the cycle of life and death until one attains true realization. Slide37
KARMA
Refers to a person’s behavior in life which Hindu’s believe will determine that person’s form in the next life.
People who live a good life will be reborn in a higher caste. Those who do not will be born into a lower caste. Slide38
Social Hierarchy and Hinduism
The mixing of the Aryan and native Dravidian peoples led to a new social order.
The Aryans put new social and religious rules in place which established rigid social castes or classes.
Caste systems were rigid and based upon birth.
People lacked social mobility – the ability to change classes.
People could not marry outside their caste. Slide39
THE CASTE SYSTEMSlide40
The Untouchables
Untouchables performed the lowliest tasks, such as handling dead bodies or sweeping streets.
They were completely outside the social order.
A touch of an Untouchable to someone of a higher caste made them unclean.
Upper
caste Hindus
did not feel guilt as they believe
the segregation
was divinely
ordained.Slide41
HOLY
BOOKS
Vedas
– collection of books that outline spiritual
principles accepted by Hindus as fundamental to their religion.
The Upanishads
are direct accounts from spiritually advanced mystics. They set out the principle of reincarnation. Slide42
SACRED OBJECTS
Hindus believe the Ganges River is sacred and has the power to wash away sin and evil. Slide43
Sacred Objects
Hindus believe the cow is sacred and religious Hindus do not eat beef. Slide44
How was the hereditary caste system closely connected to Hindu beliefs in reincarnation?
People
who live a good life will be reborn in a higher caste. Those who do not will be born into a lower caste.
Caste segregation
was divinely ordained.Slide45
BUDDHISM
The right attitude toward life is the basis for sound living.”
BuddhaSlide46
Origins
Buddha was born in the foothills of Himalayas
in present-day
Nepal
.
Buddhism did not survive in India as primary religion, however in later years it was adopted in
Asia – Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Tibet
.
Japanese branch is called Zen Buddhism and has attracted many western followers. Slide47
The
Prince Who Left the Palace
Siddartha Gautama
was born the son of a wealthy
and powerful ruler of a small kingdom.
Gautama had never been outside the palace until he ventured out when he was 29 years of age.
He was shocked by the
human suffering
he saw outside the palace
as he had never faced old age, illness or death.
He saw his royal
lifestyle as empty and useless
and vowed to become a holy man.Slide48
The Awakening
Gautama spent years pursuing a life of deprivation and asceticism.
One day he sat under a Bodhi tree and vowed not to move until he saw true liberation.
When he arose he had true enlightenment and thus became, Buddha. Slide49
Blinded to the Light
Buddha claimed that all beings possess enlightenment but that some are
blinded
to this fact.
Suffering was caused by
human desire.
To end suffering one must come to accept the world as it is and block out selfish desires.
Three habits –
anger, desire and ignorance
– prevent most people from enlightenment.Slide50
NIRVANA (Before
it was a rock band)
Nirvana is the state of final liberation from the cycle of birth
and death
or
“
Perfect Peace
” – a state of eternal peace and bliss.
Believers must give up attachment to worldly belongings and live a
life of self-denial
that can bring a person to
nirvana
. Slide51
The Four Noble Truths
Life
is
Suffering
.
Suffering has a cause:
craving and attachment
.
Craving and attachment can be overcome.
The path toward cessation of craving and attachment is an
Eightfold PathSlide52
Eightfold Path
Right
understanding
Right
purpose
Right
speech
Right
conduct
Right
livelihood
Right
effort
Right
alertness
Right
concentrationSlide53
The Middle Way
Buddha rejected the idea of the caste system of Hinduism and the idea of a divine creator
.Slide54
GODS AND HOLY BOOKS
Buddhists do not believe in a single Supreme Being or God.
They do not have a primary holy book. Their basic beliefs are found in books called
Sutras. Slide55
ISLAMSlide56
Who Was Muhammad
Born in Mecca
on the Arabian Peninsula
At age of 40, Muhammad had a vision that commanded him to convert Arab tribes to the belief in a single god, “Allah” – the same God worshipped by Jews and Christians.
Islam was founded by Muhammad in 600 C.E.Slide57
The Migration
Muhammad was driven away from
his home in Mecca because the community and businessmen were angered by his insistence on
monotheism
– (one god).
Shortly after the persecution and death of many of his followers,
Muhammad was the target of an assassination plot.
Muhammad fled to neighboring city of Medina in 622 C.E.Slide58
630 C.E.
Muhammad attracted many followers in Medina
and he became leader of the community governed by Islamic Law (Sharia Law).
Muhammad attacked and captured Mecca in 630 C.E. He created the first Islamic state. Slide59
The Qur’an
The
holy book of Islam
Muslims believe that the Qur’an consolidates all past revelations from God. It is the Word of God whose instrument was the Prophet Muhammad.
A
surah
is a chapter within the Qur’an.
Slide60
The Five Pillars of IslamSlide61
Confession of one’s faith in God and his prophet Muhammad.
“There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Prophet of God.”Slide62
Daily Prayers
and Ritual Worship
Muslims must pray five times a day; before sunrise, after midday, at midafternoon, shortly after sunset,
and in the fullness of night. Muslims direct their prayers toward the city of Mecca. Slide63
Pay the Zakat
The Zakat is a tax
on property paid by all Muslims for the benefit of the poor. The amount of the Zakat is fixed usually at 2.5 percent of one’s wealth. Slide64
Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
During the ninth month of the Islamic
calendar.
Rigidly observed period of abstention, reflection and purification.
Between sunrise and sunset during Ramadan, adult Muslims do not smoke, eat, drink or have sex. Slide65
Pilgrimage or Hajj
Every Muslim
who is of sound body, sane and able to afford the journey is expected to make a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. Slide66
Two Main Divisions within Islam
Sunni
sect is larger of group because
of its broad platform of essential doctrines.
Shiite
sect, dominant in Iran, places heavy emphasis on the lineage of the Imams (regarded as the successors to Muhammad) and on their authority as cleric representatives.Slide67
The
Mosque – Islam’s Holy Temple
A mosque is a building used by Muslims for worship and prayer. The mosque
features a niche or other central point that directs the worshipper in the direction of Mecca.Slide68
Misconceptions about
Islam
Islam
is a global faith; it is not a regional or Middle Eastern phenomenon.
Most Muslims are not Arab.
Islam does not justify suicide attacks or the slaughter of non-Muslims civilians;
Jihad is, first and foremost, the struggle with one’s own faults and worldly desires.
The Qur’an does not mention the promise of seventy-two virgins to any suicide attacker fighting on behalf of Allah. Slide69
Sikhism Slide70
Sikhism
Sikhs live mainly in Northern India.
Combines both Hindu and Muslim beliefs.
Reincarnation
One God
Know God through meditationSlide71
Reject Caste System
Sikhs do not have caste systems – they believe that everyone has equal status in the eyes of God. Slide72
Sikhism
Sikh men do not cut their hair and it is often worn under a turban. Slide73
Confucianism Slide74
Confucius
Confucius who lived during the
Zhou Dynasty in China
. It was a period of great turmoil.
Confucius established a philosophy based upon what he believed was the
basic order of the universe
.
Stressed following
traditional
ways which had worked well in the past to achieve peace and harmony.
Stressed the importance of the family where children should show devotion -
filial piety
– to their parents.Slide75
ConfucianismSlide76
Major Beliefs of Confucianism
There is a
natural order
to the universe and to human relationships. Each person has a
role
in society, which reflects his or her position in the universe.
In each
relationship,
there is a superior and inferior. The
superior
must show
love and responsibility
, while the
inferior
must show
loyalty and obedience
. Slide77
Major Beliefs of Confucianism
Each person’s
social role
brings a number of
obligations
. If everyone fulfills these roles by meeting their obligations, people and society will be in
harmony
.
If the
ruler
benefits his people and provides them with
food and protection
, then the
people will obey
their ruler, who will continue to hold the
Mandate of Heaven
(right to rule). Slide78
Daoism
“the way”Slide79
Daoism
Daoism or Taoism is philosophy established in 5
th
century
China
based upon teachings of
Lao Tzu
. Slide80
“The Way”
Daoists believe that
nature
has a “way” in which it moves and that
people should accept
the “way” of nature rather than try to resist it.
Daoists have a deep respect for
nature and harmony
, and accept things rather than trying to change them
. Slide81
“The Way”
“ You look at it, but it is not to be seen,
Its name is Formless.
You listen to it, but it is not to be heard;
Its name is Soundless.
You grasp it, but it is not to be held;
Its name is Bodiless.”Slide82
Enlightenment
People can achieve enlightenment only by
“non-striving”,
enjoying nature and using contemplation to
abandon earthly concerns
.