marking by possessive Agr in Hungarian Katalin É Kiss Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Goal To document the ID: 565844
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Slide1
Specificity marking by possessive Agr in Hungarian
Katalin É. Kiss
Research Institute
for
Linguistics
of
the
Hungarian
Academy
of
SciencesSlide2
GoalTo document the pathway
of
grammaticalization
of
Hungarian
-
ik
from
3PL
possessive
AGR
to
a
specificity
marker
To
show
that
the
3SG
possessive
AGR
acts
as
a
nominalizer
,
creating
a
definite
DP
out of an
adjective
To
clarify
the
semantic
intuition
underlying
the
determining
function
of
possessive
AGR
To
relate
the
Hungarian
data
to
similar
Uralic
patterns
(
Nikolaeva
2003)Slide3
Nikolaeva (2002): non-possessive functions of possessive Agr in
Uralic
:
i.
identifying
,
deictic
function
(
the
referent
of
the
NP-AGR is
the
one
pointed
at
in
the
given
situation
)
ii
.
contrastive-partitive
function
iii
. 1,2 AGR:
associative
function
(
the
speaker
or
the
addressee
is
the
reference
point
in
the
situation
Slide4
Nikolaeva 2014 (Nenets): identifying-deictic function
(1)a.
t’
uku
◦
yala-h
sin’o
(
-
da
)
pas
◦
koy
◦
this
day-GEN
fog(-
3SG
)
beautiful
b
.
t’
ukona
sira-
da
wǝr-cawey
◦
here
snow-
3SG
dirt-PROP
c
.
xǽb
’
id
’a
to-x
◦na
xal
’
a-
da
ŋoka
holy
lake-LOC
fish-
3SG
manySlide5
Nikolaeva 2014 (Nenets): contrastive-partitive function
(2)a.
Wera-h
te-xt
◦
ǝta
ŋarka-
doh
sǝwa
Vera-GEN
reindeer-PL.ABL.3SG
big-
3PL
good
’
Among
Vera’s
reindeer
,
the
big
one
is
good
.’
b.
t’uku
◦
xasawa
ŋǝc’eke-xǝt
◦
ŋob-
toh
sǝwa
this
male
child-PL
(
ABL
)
one-
3PL
good
’
One
of
these
boys
is
good
.’Slide6
Nikolaeva 1999 (Khanty): associative function
(3)a.
Tam
hu:
j-
e
:m
xal’ṡa
joxt-ǝs
?
this
man-
1
sg
where
come
-past.3sg
b.
Mans
-
ǝɳǝn
ka
:t a:mp.
walked
two
dog
Wul
a:mp
pare
:
m-ǝs-li
a:j a:
mp-
ǝl
.
big
dog bit
small
dog
-
3sgSlide7
Hungarian: Associative function
(4)
ember-
ünk
‘
our
man;
the
afore-mentioned
man’
(5) ″
Az
igé-i-
d
-ben
bonyolító tényező
,
the
verb-
pl-
2sg
-iness
complicating
factor
hogy
az A
fej
is komplex
” (V. Hegedűs)
that
the
A
head
also
complex
‘
It
is a
complicating
factor
in
your
verbs
that
the
A
head
is
also
complex
’Slide8
Hungarian: contrastive-partitive 3PL:mindenik
, mindegy
ik
‘
each
’
mely
ik
‘
which
’
bármely
ik
‘
any
’
némely
ik,
valamely
ik
‘
some
’
egy
ik
‘
one
’,
más
ik
‘
other
’
másod
ik
‘2nd’,
harmad
ik
‘3rd’,
negyed
ik
‘4th’,
ötöd
ik
‘5th’,
, hatod
ik
‘6th’
…Slide9
-ik marks specificity/familiarity
(6)a.
Minden/*
minden
-ik
ember halandó
.
every
man
mortal
‘
Every
man is
mortal
.’
b.
Minden
-ik
ember szakállas
.
every
man
bearded
‘
Every
one
of
the
men
is
bearded
.’Slide10
-ik phrases are definite:
(7)a.
Ismer
ek
minden
vendéget.
know-1
sg
every
guest-
acc
b.
Ismer
em
minden
ik
/mindegy
ik
vendéget.
know-3
sg<1sg
each
guest-
acc
(8)a. A kép,
amelyet lát
sz
the
picture
which
see-2
sg
b. A kép,
amely
ik
et lát
od
the
picture
which
see-2
sg<1sg
(9)a. Gyakorlásként
kimond valamely
szót.
practice-for
utter-3
sg
some
word-
acc
b. Gyakorlásként
kimond
ja
valamely
ik
szót.
practice-for
utter-3
sg<1sg
some
word-
accSlide11
-ik phrases are partitive:
Comparative
A
dj
+
ik
=
‘
the
Adj
one
of
the
two
’
(10)a.
Az
olcsó-bb-
ik
-at
kérem.
the
cheap-er-
ik
-
acc
want-I
b.
A
legolcsó-bb-
ik
a legjobb
.
the
cheap-est-
ik
[is]
the
best
.
Superlative
A
dj
+
ik
=
‘
the
Adj
one
of
them
’
c.
A
sze-bb-
ik
/
legsze-bb-
ik
almát kérem.
the
nic-er-
ik
/
nic-est-
ik
apple-
acc
want-ISlide12
Claims-ik is one of the
Old
Hungarian
allomorphs
of 3Pl
possessive
AGR
In
Old
Hungarian
,
pronouns
and
ordinal
numerals
appear
with
-
ik
only
in
possessive
constructions
with
a
pro
possessor
-
ik
pronouns
/
adjectives
,
like
every
possessum
,
are
inherently
definite
In
Middle
Hungarian
,
-
ik
is
reanalyzed
as
a
derivational
suffix
marking
specificity
/
definitenessSlide13
The allomorphs of 3PL Poss Agr in Old Hungarian
:
-ik
,
-uk
, ük
(11)
mend
w
szentíí
es
unuttei
cuz-
ic
-un
(
FSP
1192)
all
his
saints
and
ancesters
space-
3pl
-superess
’
on
the
sides
of
all
his
saints
and
ancesters
’
(
12)
The
poganoknak
wag
rethenet-
ÿk
(
GyöngyK
1500)
the
pagans-
dat
are-2sg
dread-
3pl
‘
You
are
the
dread
of
pagans
.’Slide14
OH: Pronominal determiner without –ik, pronominal
possessum
with
-ik
1151
minden
vs.
7
mindenik
‘
every
,
each
’
(13)
Minden:
mert
minden
orzagok
,
tartomańok
, varasok,
because
all
countries
provinces
cities
videkek
,
varak
, nem elegek teneked
(
BodK
1500-1525)
lands
castles
not
enough
you-
dat
(14)
Minden
-ik
:
Valanac ot
vèttetuen
hat ko̗ vedrec
…
mēdèn
ic
were
there
thrown
six
stone
buckets
each-
3pl
foglaluā kèt ko̗blo̗t auag ha
r
mat
(MunchK
1416
)
taking
two
vats
or
threeSlide15
359 mely vs. 8 melyik ‘which’
(15)
Mel
ʼ
ko
̗
uet
mikoron
el
vo
̗
tte
volna Alexander
which
book
when
off
took
cond
Alexander
(
BodK
1500-1525)
(16)
Eg
nėminèmo
̗
vsorasnac
valanac
kèt
adosi
/
a
certain
usurer-
dat
were
two
debtors-3
sg
egg-
ic
tartozic
uala
o̗t
zaz
penzèl
/ es
mas-
ic
one-
3pl
owes
past
500
shekel
and
other-
3pl
o̗
tuènuèl
/… m̄
ghaga
monna-
ic
-nac
/
mel’l’-
ic
fifty
asked
both-
3pl
-
dat
which-
3pl
zereti
o̗
tet
inkab
(
MünchK
1416)
loves
him
moreSlide16
Old Hungarian ordinal numerals:without -
ik
(17)
valanac
· az
èlo
̗
zèkèrbèn
vèrès
louac
were
the
first
cart-in
red
horses
a·
mas
zèkèrbèn
fèkètè
louac
the
second
cart-in
black
horses
a·
harmad
zèkèrbèn
fèier
louac
the
third
cart-in
white
horses
a·
negèd
zèkèrbèn
ku
̇
lo
̗
mb
zino
̗
louac
(
BécsiK
1416)
the
fourth
cart-in
different
colored
horsesSlide17
Old Hungarian ordinal numerals with -
ik
:
possessions
of
plural
possessors
(18)
Valanac
ke
·
mu
nalonc
hèten
at
ʼ
afiac
/
were
however
we-at
seven
brothers
& az
èlo
̗
fèlesegèt
veuen
meghala
/
and
the
first
wife-acc
having.taken
died
…
haga
o̗
fèleseget
o̗
at
ʼtʼ
afianac
left
his
wife-
acc
his
brother-
dat
Azon
keppèn
a·
mas
ic
a·
harmad
ic
that
way
the
second
the
third
(
MünchK
1416)Slide18
Pathway of grammaticalization (i) Proto-H
/
Early
OH
: -
uk
/ük/
ik
=
3
pl
possessive
agr
.
pro
i
minden-
ik
i
(
ii
)
Fission
of
-
uk
/ük/
ik
:
N+
uk
/ük pronoun/numeral+ik (iii) Reanalysis of -ik as a [+specific] derivational suffix Slide19
Evidence of derivational suffix status in Middle and Modern Hungarian
:
i.
Attributive
use
:
mindegy
ik
/mely
ik
/egy
ik
/magasabb
ik
lány
each
/
which
/
one
/
higher
girl
ii
.
Taking
possessive
AGR anew: mindegy-ik-ük, az egy-ik-ük, a szebb-ik-ük each-ik-3
pl, the one-ik
-3pl, the nicer-
ik
-3
plSlide20
Partitive 3SG possessive Agr as
a
nominalizer
nagy-
ja
, okosabb-
ja
, apra
ja
great-
3
sg
,
smarter-
3
sg
,
small-
3
sg
‘
the
great
ones
/
smarter
ones
/
small
ones
’(19) A zöld-jé-t befőzöm, az érett-jé-ből the green-3sg
-acc preserve-I the ripe-
3sg-from
lekvárt csinálok
.
jam-acc
make-I
‘The
green
ones
, I
preserve
,
from
the
ripe
ones
, I
make
jam
.’Slide21
The source of the nominalizing role:
Possessive
agreement
can
only
combine
with
N
a
root
bearing
possessive
agreement
is
assigned
the
category
N.
Cf
.
(20) [
DP
(A hús) [
NP
kövér]
-jé] -t nem szeretem. the
meat fat
-3SG-ACC
not
like-1SG
‘The
fat
(part) of
the
meat
, I
don’t
like
.’
(21) [
DP
A [
NP
szeb-b
]
-ik
]
-et
/az
apra
-já
-t
kérem
.
the
nice-
COMP
-3PL
-ACC
/
the
small
-
3SG
-ACC
want-I
‘I
want
the
nicer
one
/
the
small
ones
.’Slide22
Default agreement/anti-agreement: 3SG
(22) Túl nagy adag, meghagyom a
jav
-á
-t
.
too
big
portion
,
leave-I
the
good
-
3SG
-ACC
‘
It
is
too
big
a
portion
, I
leave
he
better
part of
it
.’(23) A dolgozatok jól sikerültek. A jav -á -t the term-papers well succeeded the good-3SG-ACC /*jav
-uk -at beadjuk egy konferenciára.
/good-3PL-ACC submit.we
a
conference.to
‘The
term
papers
succeeded
well
.
We
submit
the
better
part of
them
to
a
conference
.’Slide23
Grammaticalized (non-agreeing) 3SG possessive
(24)
Hárm-as
-á
-val
mentünk be.
three-ADJ
-3SG
-with
went.we
in
‘
We
went
in
in
threes
.’ [
threes
of
us
]
(25)
Harm-ad
-já
-ra mentünk be. three-ORD-3SG-SUBL went.we in ‘We went in for the third [of] time[s].’Slide24
Lexicalized 3sg possessive
ves-
e
‘
kidney
’
,
ep-
e
‘
bile
’
,
zúz-
a
‘
gizzard
’
,
szá-
j
‘
mouth
’
,
or-
ja
‘
spare-rib
’
, tar-
ja ‘spare-rib, mar-ja ‘withers’ele-je ‘beginning’ szín-e ‘right side’vég-e ‘end’ fonák-ja
‘wrong side’hátul-
ja ‘back’ visszá-ja ‘reverse
side
’
al-
ja
‘
bottom
’
utol-
ja
‘
last
part’
sárgá-
ja
‘
yolk
’
csín
ja
-bín
ja
‘
ins
and
outs
’
fehér-
je
‘
egg-white
’
szín
e
-jav
a
‘
cream
’Slide25
ConclusionIn the case of productively
used
non-possessive
3SG
possessive
Agr
,
there
is
always
an implicit
possessor
reconstructable
from
the
context
or
the
situation
.
In
the
constructions leading to the grammaticalization of -ik, there was always an implicit possessor reconstructable from the context
or the situation.Slide26
SpeculationIn the Uralic
languages
using
a non-possessive
PossAgr
,
there
is
always
an implicit
possessor
in
the
situation
or
in
the
context
.
The
deictic
,
contrastive
and
associative
functions can all be derived from the presence of an implicit possessor. Slide27
Nikolaeva 2014 (Nenets): identifying-deictic function
(1)a.
t’
uku
◦
yala-h
sin’o
(
-
da
)
pas
◦
koy
◦
this
day-GEN
fog(-
3SG
)
beautiful
b
.
t’
ukona
sira-
da
wǝr-cawey◦ here snow-3SG dirt-PROP c. xǽb’id’a to-x◦na xal’a-da ŋoka holy lake-LOC fish-3SG
manySlide28
Nikolaeva 2014 (Nenets): contrastive-partitive function
(2)a.
Wera-h
te-xt
◦
ǝta
ŋarka-
doh
sǝwa
Vera-GEN
reindeer-PL.ABL.3SG
big-
3PL
good
’
Among
Vera’s
reindeer
,
the
big
one is good.’ b. t’uku◦ xasawa ŋǝc’eke-xǝt◦ ŋob-toh sǝwa this male child-PL(ABL)
one-3PL good
’One of these boys is
good
.’Slide29
Nikolaeva 1999 (Khanty): associative function
(3)a.
Tam
hu:
j-
e
:m
xal’ṡa
joxt-ǝs
?
this
man-
1
sg
where
come
-past.3sg
b.
Mans
-
ǝɳǝn
ka
:t a:mp.
walked
two dog Wul a:mp pare:m-ǝs-li a:j a:mp-ǝl. big dog bit small dog-3sgSlide30
What is special about possessive morphology in
Uralic
?
The
possessor
can
also
be implicit.