Snip below a node what falls off is a monophyletic group The Monophyly Rule and Taxonomy No birds Not very PC phylogenetically correct PC Phil Ward UC Davis Breaking the Monophyly Rule in Taxonomy ID: 776332
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Slide1
The
Monophyly
Snip Rule
Snip below a node, what falls off is a monophyletic group
Slide2The Monophyly Rule and Taxonomy
Slide3No birds!
Not very PC*!
*(phylogenetically correct)
“PC”, Phil Ward, UC Davis
Slide4Breaking the Monophyly Rule in Taxonomy
Non-PC Names*:
Algae (land plants are excluded)Crustaceans (insects are excluded)Moths (butterflies are excluded)Wasps (ants and bees are excluded)Reptiles (birds are excluded)* “Non-Phylogenetically Correct”, Phil Ward, UC Davis
Slide54. Sibling ≠ Ancestor
A common question: If humans evolved from chimps, why are there still chimps today?
Swivel the node. Did chimps evolve from
humans
?
Why are there still other primates?
What is U? Will paleontologists find it?
Slide65. Sister lineage snip rule and ages
One point in time
Time A
Time B
** Snip just above a node and what falls off are sister lineages (sister taxa)
Time A = Time B
Both lineages have been evolving for the same amount of time
Sister lineages have = ages
Q
R
Slide7Fish were present in the fossil record first, but that lineage didn’t “stop evolving”
Modern fish are just as “highly evolved” for what they do as humans are for what we
do
Fish and humans have been evolving for the same amount of time since their common ancestor
Slide8Don’t be fooled by long branches (the focus of the tree may be misleading at first glance)
This tree may look odd, but it is correct
Slide9Long branches/tree imbalance
At first glance: Monotremes and Marsupials may
seem more “primitive” than the other mammals (Placentals)That appearance is (in part) due to tree “imbalance”
3 living species (poor diversity)
250 living species (poor sampling)
Slide10Age Rule (Modern Taxa Are Not Primitive): Don’t be fooled by branches on the leftDon’t be fooled by long branches
What is “primitive” on this tree?
Early mammal—laid eggs, but not an echidna or platypus
Slide11Reconstruction of Megazostradon, the earliest fossil mammal
Slide12The duck-billed platypusModern mammal, some primitive characters
Many
characters not seen in mammalian ancestor:“Bill”, electro-receptors, venom (not the same kind as reptiles)
Primitive character state