Hearst School of Information UC Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 hearstischoolberkeleyedu ABSTRACT Faceted navigation is a proven technique for supporting ex ploration and discovery within an information collection The underlying data model is simple enou ID: 86889
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Figure1:GettyImages'facetednavigationinterfaceusesagraphicdesigntovisuallygrouprelatedfacetstogether.4.INTEGRATING“SMARTS”INTOSEARCHUSERINTERFACESAidedbysupportforfastclient-sideprocessing,ithasbecomefeasibletoincorporateinformationrelatedtotheusers'queryindynamic,andsometimessubtleways.BelowIdiscusstwoexcitingexamplesofthisdevelopmentastheyintersectwithfacetednavigationinterfaces.4.1Auto-SuggestSearchWithinFacetsAuto-suggest,akaauto-compete,akadynamictermsug-gestionsisamechanisminwhich,asauseristypingaquerytermintotheentrybox,queriesthatarelexicallyrelatedandthathavebeenaskedbyothersearchersinthepastareshownbeneaththeentryform[1]..Thisisanattempttohelptheusernishformulatingtheirquerybyshowingwhatshouldbyhighlyrelevantterms,andseemstobeagenerallyagoodideathatshouldbeusedwhereverpossi-ble.Thisisararecaseinwhichtherehavebeenfewifanyusabilitystudies(theclosesttoitthatIknowofisbyWhiteandMarchionini[7]),butbyobservationandanecdote,Iamwillingtoclaimthattheusabilityappearstobeveryhigh.Atwistontheideaistoprovideseparateautocompleteentryformsforeachfacet[2].Thisisespeciallyusefulforfacetswithverylargenumbersoflabelsthatcannotbeor-ganizedintoahierarchy;acommonexampleisnamesofauthorsinabibliographiccollection.Butevenforfacetswithfewerlabels,dynamicsuggestionsoftermsrelatedtotheletterstypedsofarseemstobeahelpfulandusablefeature.4.2KeywordSearchTermsAffectingFacetLabelOrderingBeforediscussingthisfeature,somebackgroundinforma-tionisneeded.Asdiscussedinanearlierpaper[3],eBayExpressintroducedanumberofinnovationsintheirmethodofpresentingfacetedmetadata.Ratherthanplacingthefacetsontheside,whichcanrequirescrollingbytheuser,theyplaceasmallnumberoffacets(fourorve)intheinterface\sweetspot"acrossthetopofthepage,showingonlyafewlabelsperfacet,andaMore...linktoseetherest.Clickingonthislinkbringsupadialogboxcontainingcheckboxes,allowingtheusertocreateanOR(disjunction)overthechoiceswithinonefacet.Thedesignersdeterminedinadvance(largelythroughquerylogsandclicklogs)whichfacetsaremostimportantforeachmajorproducttype,andinitiallyexposethosefacetsonly,withacompressedlistofadditionalfacetsonthelinebelow.Selectingafacetaddsittothequeryrepresentation(thebreadcrumb)andcausesthatfacettodisappearfromthemaincanvas,andbere-placedbyoneofthosenotexpandedyet.Anotherinnovationwastoemployclevernessinthehan-dlingofkeywordqueries.Aqueryon\women'srebocks"withintheShoeproductspacewouldshowthecorrespond-ingfacetsType�women'sandBrand�Rebockselectedalreadywithinthequerybreadcrumb.Thisisterricwhenitworks,ofcourse,butinmanycasesthemappingmightnotbecorrect.RecentlythelifestylewebsiteYelpconverteditsnaviga-tioninterfacetoeBayExpress-stylefacetednavigation,add-inginsomeinnovationsoftheirown(seeFigure2).Tofa-cilitatemoremulti-selectoptions,theinterfacehasacleverblendingofcheckboxesandhyperlinks(butunfortunatelydoesnotsupporthierarchicalfacets).Somefacetlabelsstartoutwithcheckboxes(suchasCities),indicatingtheabilitytodoadisjunctiononthefacetfromthestart,whileothersshowahyperlink(suchasDistanceAway),indicatingthatonlyonechoicecanbemadeatatimeinthefacet.Afteroneofthesechoicesismade,itlterstheresults,butisnotaddedtothequeryexplicitly;rather,theotherchoicescon-tinuetobeshownashyperlinkswiththecurrentlyselectedchoiceshowninbold.Thisisadeparturefromthestan-dardapproachinwhichselectingalabelremovestheotherchoicesforthatlabel.Onthedownside,additionalcategoriesaretuckedawayunderFeatures,whichsuggeststhattheadditionaloneswillrarelybeseenorused.Thisviewalsodoesnotshowpre-viewsofnumberofhits;itispotentiallyconfusingtodosowhendisjunctionsareallowed;thisisatradeo intheinterfacedesignthatmustbeweighed.ButtheinnovationofinteresthereisthatYelpmodi-estheuseofkeywordsearch,usingthetermstypedintochangetheorderoflabelsshownwithinfacets.Forexam-ple,searchingfor\restaurants"withintheareaof\kirkland,wa"returnsfacetslabeledSortBy(bestmatchorbestre-views),Cities,Distance,Features,Price,andCategory.Inthecaseofthescreenshot,thelatteristypeofrestaurant;initiallytherstfewtypesofrestaurantshownareChinese,Indian/Pakistani,Japanese,andSushiBars,withalinktoshowmore.However,ifinsteadtheinitialqueryis\italianrestaurants"thelabelsshownunderCategoryareItalian,Restaurants,Pizza,andMexican.Ifthequeryischangedto\italianrestaurants",thechoicesshownareDimSum,Chi-nese,Restaurants,Bakeries,AsianFusion,andotherAsian Figure2:Yelp'snewfacetedsearchinterface,modeledafterthatofeBayExpress,butwithsomeinnovations(seetext).foodcategories.Thus,thisinterfacemodiesthelabelsshownbeneaththefacetstomatchsimilarbutexpandedconceptsrelatedtothekeywordquery.ItdoesnotmoveoutoftheRestaurantsdomainintoothertopicssuchasShopping,whichwouldnotbeappropriate.Butaqueryon\Asian"alonechangestheCategoryfacettoshowchoicessuchasGroceryalongsiderestauranttypessuchasAsianFusion.Howdoesthisbehaviordi erfromstandard(Flamenco-style)facetednavigationwhengivenakeywordquery?InFlamenco,theitemsthatmatchthequerydeterminewhichfacetlabelsareshown.Soaqueryon\chinese"wouldreturnalldocumentsthatcontainthatwordorareassignedthatla-bel,andwouldshowtheaggregationoffacetlabelsthatareassignedtothoseretrieveditems.ThesemaywellincludeGroceryandDimSum.ButYelpappearstobedoingsome-thingmorecalculated.Forexample,aqueryon\dimsum"showsthecategoriesDimSum,Chinese,Seafood,Food,andRestaurants,butthehitsreturnedcontainothercategoriesincludingGroceryandKorean.Thisinterfacealsoeliminatesentirefacetswhennotappli-cabletothechosencategory.ChosingBeauty&Spaselimi-natestheMealsServedfacetandbringsuptheByAppoint-mentOnlyfacet,whichisnotshownforGroceries.How-ever,themechanismdoesnotworkperfectly.Forexample,BeautySalon&SpaalsobringsupNightlife,Nurseries&Gardening,andWineries.SelectingBeautyandSpaalongwithWineriesandTakesCreditCardsbringsupaninter-estingcollection.5.FACETSONMOBILEINTERFACESCanfacetednavigationbemovedtothesmallinterfacesofmobiledevices?TheFathumbprojectatMicrosoftRe-search[5]attemptstodojustthat,withacleverrestrictiononthenumberoffacets,usingpositioningtomirrorthatofthenumberpadofatypicalcellphone(seeFigure3).Theresultsarepromising,althoughhamperedbythefactthattheinterfacelendsitselfbettertoatouchscreenthantheindirectionofclickingonthekeyboard.Thedesignalsoin-corporatesasubtlevisualizationtohelpindicatewhereinthenavigationtheuseris,butasisoftenthecasewithsuchthings,theparticipantsinthelabstudydidnotnoticethevisualization,oriftheydid,didnotunderstandit(personalcommunication,AmyKarlson).Thismightchangewithfur-therexposuretothedesign.6.VISUALIZATIONSOFFACETEDNAVIGATIONTherehavebeenanumberoffascinatingvisualizationsoffacetednavigation,includingawhimsicalonefromtheWeFeelFineproject(seeFigure4)andtheFacetMapprojectfromMicrosoftResearch[6].Thesearevisuallyengagingbuttakeupalotofscreenspace,soitisunclearwhattheirultimateuptakewillbe.7.EXTENDINGTHEFACETEDMODELFacetednavigationallowsfor exiblemoveswithinacol-lection,butcouldbelimitingformoreambitiousinformationdiscoverytasks.Inwhatwayscanthemodelbeextendedbutstillretaintheunderstandabilityneededbynon-expertsearchers?Afull- edgedknowledgerepresentationistoocomplex,butarepresentationthatconservativelyextendsthedesignmightbeuseful. Figure4:Thewhimsicalfacetedattributeselectorfromwefeelne.org Figure3:TheFaThumbfacetedinterface[5]formo-biledevices. Figure5:Tags,organizedassociationallyandby\subject"atLibraryThing.com.Somewebsiteso eralternativeexplorationsystemsalong-sidethefacetedone;GettyImagesisexperimentingwithadesigntheycallCatalyst.Inthisapproach,enteringonesearchtermbringsupalistofrelatedtermsinanalphabet-icaltagcloud.Theuserisaskedtodraginterestingtermsintoaselectionbox.TheLibraryThingwebsiteshowsasso-ciatedtermsderivedfromuser-suppliedtags,orsocialan-notations(seeFigure6).Thiskindofapproachmightbeusefulforgivinginspirationorbrainstormingideas,butthecategoriesareconceptuallyandvisuallydisorganizedandsomostlikelycanbeimprovedupon.AnexampleofsuchanimprovementcanbeseenintheworkofZelevinskyetal.ofEndeca[9],whodescribeapromisingalternativemethodforselectingwhichsubject-relatedtermstoshow,ina atlist,alongsidesearchresultsandconventionalfacets(seeFigure5).Thismightbefur-therimprovedbyaddinghierarchytothesubjectlabelsandshowingmoreofthem.Itwouldbeinterestingtocompareshowingonlythemostdescriptivesubjecttermsthatmatchthequery,andthenlettingusersnavigateintorelevantsub-hierarchicalfacetscorrespondingtosuchterms,tothestan-dardapproachofshowingallthefacetsinitially.Morerecently,HuynhintroducedtheParallaxnaviga-tioninterfaceovermetaweb/freebasedatawhichattemptstoallownavigationofthisstructureddataalongfacetsaswellasadditionaldimensionswithindi erentconceptgroups(seeFigure7,fromhttp://mqlx.com/david/parallax/).Al-thoughapromisingstart,itishardtoseewhichcombina-tionswillyieldresults,andseemssomewhatlimitedbyasparsityinthenumberofconnectionsallowable.Butitdoesseemlikeagoodstartinthisgeneraldirection.8.CONCLUSIONSDesignerscontinuetoinnovateandimprovethefacetednavigationparadigm.However,thelarge-subject-spaceprob-lemcontinuestobeatoughnuttocrack.Acquisitionoffacetedsubjectmetadataisalsoaproblem,althoughsocialtaggingshowspromiseasameanstowardsbuildingsuch Figure6:Usinganalgorithmtoselectrelevantsub-jectkeywords,basedonauthorkeywords,foradig-itallibrary,from[9]. Figure7:TheParallaxinterfaceextendingthefacetedmodeltorelatedlinks,usingstructuredFreebasedatafromMetaWeb.structure.Mobilecomputingcontinuestogrowinpopularity,anditisstillanopenquestioniffacetednavigationiswell-suitedforthesmallscreen.AmodiedvariantasseenintheFathumbprojectprovidesanencouragingdirectiontofol-low.Informationvisualizationisbecomingincreasinglypreva-lentforunderstandingandexplaininginformation.Facetednavigationcanbemademorevisuallyappealingwithen-hancedgraphicaldisplays,buttodateitisnotclearthattheseviewsenhanceusabilityorsubstantiallyincreasethenumberofcategoriesthatcanbeeasilynavigated.Finally,thetimehasarrivedtondinnovativebutun-derstandablewaystoextendthefacetedmodelwhileatthesametimeretainingitsessentialusability.Di erentdesign-ersareexperimentingwiththisbutnocleargoodideahasemergedyet.9.REFERENCES[1]H.BastandI.Weber.Typeless,ndmore:fastautocompletionsearchwithasuccinctindex.InProceedingsofthe29thannualinternationalACMSIGIRconferenceonResearchanddevelopmentininformationretrieval,pages364{371.ACMNewYork,NY,USA,2006.[2]H.BastandI.Weber.WhenYou'reLostforWords:FacetedSearchwithAutocompletion.ACMSIGIRWorkshoponFacetedSearch,2006.[3]M.Hearst.DesignRecommendationsforHierarchicalFacetedSearchInterfaces.ACMSIGIRWorkshoponFacetedSearch,2006.[4]M.A.Hearst,J.English,R.Sinha,K.Swearingen,andK.-P.Yee.Findingthe owinwebsitesearch.CommunicationsoftheACM,45(9),September2002.[5]A.Karlson,G.Robertson,D.Robbins,M.Czerwinski,andG.Smith.FaThumb:afacet-basedinterfaceformobilesearch.ProceedingsoftheSIGCHIconferenceonHumanFactorsincomputingsystems,pages711{720,2006.[6]G.Smith,M.Czerwinski,B.Meyers,D.Robbins,G.Robertson,andD.Tan.FacetMap:AScalableSearchandBrowseVisualization.IEEETransactionsOnVisualizationAndComputerGraphics,pages797{804,2006.[7]R.WhiteandG.Marchionini.Examiningthee ectivenessofreal-timequeryexpansion.InformationProcessingandManagement,43(3):685{704,2007.[8]K.Yee,K.Swearingen,K.Li,andM.Hearst.Facetedmetadataforimagesearchandbrowsing.ProceedingsoftheSIGCHIconferenceonHumanfactorsincomputingsystems,pages401{408,2003.[9]V.Zelevinsky,J.Wang,andD.Tunkelang.SupportingExploratorySearchfortheACMDigitalLibrary.WorkshoponHuman-ComputerInteractionandInformationRetrieval(HCIR'08),October2008.