Types of Error It is  impossible - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Types of Error

2. It is impossible to make an exact measurement. Therefore, all experimental results are wrong.  Just how wrong they are depends on the kinds of errors that were made in the experiment.Be careful!  Wrong doesn't mean bad!The word "wrong" to emphasize a point.  All experimental data is imperfect.  Scientists know that their results always contain errors.  However, one of their goals is to minimize errors, and to be aware of what the errors may be.  Since they know that all results contain errors, scientists almost never give definite answers.  They are far more likely to say: "it is likely that ..." or "it is probable that ..." than to give an exact answer.As a science student you too must be careful to learn how good your results are, and to report them in a way that indicates your confidence in your answers.

3. Error3 types of error1. Systematic errors2. Random errors3. BlundersError – the mistakes you make during an experiment

4. Systematic ErrorsErrors caused by experiments procedure. These are errors caused by the way in which the experiment was conducted.  In other words, they are caused by the design of the system.Poor procedure, or poor execution leads to more errors.Example:Construction of helicoptersStorage of helicoptersDropping method for helicoptersA system of starting and stopping the timer

5. Examples1. Instrumental. For example, a poorly calibrated instrument such as a thermometer that reads 102 oC when immersed in boiling water and 2 oC when immersed in ice water at atmospheric pressure. Such a thermometer would result in measured values that are consistently too high.2. Observational. For example, parallax in reading a meter scale.3. Environmental. For example, an electrical power ìbrown outî that causes measured currents to be consistently too low.4. Theoretical. Due to simplification of the model system or approximations in the equations describing it. For example, if your theory says that the temperature of the surrounding will not affect the readings taken when it actually does, then this factor will introduce a source of error.

6. Effects of Systematic ErrorMajor systematic errors ruin experimentsSystematic errors can not be eliminated by averaging.In principle, they can always be eliminated by changing the way in which the experiment was done.  In actual fact though, you may not even know that the error exists.

7. Random ErrorThese errors are unpredictable.  They are chance variations in the measurements over which you as experimenter have little or no control.  There is just as great a chance that the measurement is too big as that it is too small.Since the errors are equally likely to be high as low, averaging a sufficiently large number of results will, in principle, reduce their effect.Example: if timing was done correctly, stopping the timer. Some times you will stop it too early, some times you will stop it a little late.Large sample size and averaging usually fixes random errors.

8. BlundersA final source of error, called a blunder, is an outright mistake. A person may record a wrong value, misread a scale, forget a digit when reading a scale or recording a measurement, or make a similar blunder. These blunder should stick out like sore thumbs if we make multiple measurements or if one person checks the work of another. Blunders should not be included in the analysis of data.

9. Other ways to check the validity of my experiment:Precision and accuracyAccuracy – does my experiment data show what theoretical work has come up with? Did I get what the other smart scientists got?Precision – am I getting the same answer after doing it a bunch of times?

10. Accuracy vs. precisionAccuracy - how close a result comes to the true valuePrecision – the closeness of two or more measurements to each other.