23ANDPolitical SurveyALI A. University between - PDF document

23ANDPolitical SurveyALI A. University between 24greatest enemy African nationhood Modem African nationalism born solidarity On the struggle viable nationswithin by ethnicoften from Nilotes, Hausa, and like. We it is precisely this which African nationalism to and ofcolonial part distinguish between sub-Saharanthe trans-Saharanthe Africans also Arabs the transatlantic is solidarity between of theAfrican continent the Black continents.one would tostart units then outwards to Africa,ultimately with Black Dias-arguable in on the started black theCaribbean and North America, sometimes start thecontinent, the Africa and Americas. that fathers pan-Africanism include black like Padmore Garvey. 25as result initiatives by in Diaspora, in feel with to more thepredicament black within thetwentieth century learned called Africans in the existence Kenya, Uganda, or ofemotions, with periodic a standing secretariat. less the subcontinent, though the formationsmaller and communitiesand OCAM.race-consciousness was ofit was transatlantic movement movement fulfillmentfact in of parts of south of the begin-nings at the institutional provided a foundation action betweenArabs black was formed 1963, states bothsides the great desert, and providing meetings of Heads andmovement continued the ofemotions unity institutional work. another transatlantic pan-African June from Congress held in England by thirtyyears. Fifth took place andunknown participants at that Congress 26was Kwame independentadditional that move-was at last pan-Africanismhas so far in from to Lagos, have greater transatlantic the As sup-porters have the less radical and tive African nationalists beenpreeminently the who championed platforms of solidarity limiting them-black part continent. Voices, which decades sometimes of have included Awolowo Dr. Hastings inFelix Ivory Coast African in the modern phasepreferred trans-Saharan insisting ignoring the as a preferring a unit matter ofsometimes significant a black nationalistsandhistoric among otherwise of pride contemplating achievements and the uninterrupted African nation. 27for nor Ethiopiareciprocated with Theforward embrace ofEgyptian achievements, Egyptianspolitical and ofhalf century, individuals began restoring the identification. Egyptiancountrymen they as Muslims. Emperor, who that part EthiopianAbdel of inaugurated was whoandcaptured importantprevalent a much and he Before Accra the least the practice pan-Africanism.a be a movement of and of integration. liberatinghad success as integrative liberation putting pressurefavor for isolation white Africa. theindependence from the moment of 1957 of Ian 28Novem-eight Ghana’s for African tion, sometimes divided bitterly strategies, nevertheless spirit 1965 onwards remaining areas to felt relativelyhelpless in the of Rhodesia, Namibia, Southand the rule.of frustrations,there an undercurrent of for pan-of African to sanctions Rhodesia, of Guinea-Bissau as partially independentmovements towards isolation inworld integration, other much those regional integration and The Community, Kenya, Uganda,and Tanzania, case in point. June high that three soon evolve that of euphoria, long. beganbe and another the services and amongthe countries altogether.of among them them became more came to a system revenue was dismantled, joint university existing within the intothree universities, moments military 29Africa integration. and experiments their and wouldto withdraw two years would subject bedismantled into not long afterwards.1964 with determinationtoward a African Economic linguistic But Africans the inherited Britain and was undertaking be plished Nigeria’s inFrench-speaking the African states seemed a which speaking states accede. Nigeria argued, hand, there joiningwhich had already formed others, in defining what should be was for participation thevery founding of a on basis disregardedanglophone-francophone divide.On balance the tensions continued within move-ments of all both of That spirit solidarity in the domain Africanliberation often of integration. cohesiveness to be MILITARY INAFRICAN problems atthe national level. If, been powerful aid to 30militated national individual African as of this has an indepen-dent experience. return to between politicians, but we might the of factor init in to Africanintegration.phenomenon which be examined the in and its aftermath impact of military in Europeanmetropolitan the prospects of African have witnessed the significance libera-of the former even Zimbabwe and a Rhodesia Africa a or Pretoria? conceivable increasing pressure blackso-calledforces on behalf regimes, third, strains on the themselves?In first coup leading colonial liberation fact in Algeria and theof Gaulle in 1958.French a major setbacks, in Indochina and Algeria. In the French had Dien Bien capitulation of to retain withdrawal from stiffened determination to claims in 31In other Vietnameseagainst French an in the in Algeria. A stubbornnessand withinprolonged the Algerian 1958 herself the thehad moved further towards finding anadequate solution. The soldiers in the field of Algeria werefrustrated. Finally revolt ofsoldiers, existence FrenchRepublic, of There be instature in and enough large both the capable civilGaulle had moment emerged from the oblivion resignation as head andonce again The colonial which in the collapse immenseconsequences for colonies at not first it as Gaulle’s strategy between colonies links. a French empire1958 the consent.One French favor under Sekou breaking Gaulle severing pulling stock, barrel. it the Africanindependence in areas of the continenta severe But in year, under the 32of colonies, within the Gaulle had that hegemony protected ways.longerAlgeria as was gradual France Algerian mess. From sloganis De Gaulle gradually a crisis continued. Gaulle also about &dquo;Peace the implying a legitimacy liberation Charles four allfrom complications, andan There a of Algeria and the fulfillment political liberationin the of French Africa.curiously, of to with on the future ofVote after vote Nations onward the of OnlyLiberation Algeria behind the of on issue in continuing these were of that dependency,especially himself with What always remembered proposition coup a majorthe also be metropolitan major challenge 33liberation case initialcame from thestrains that these the army snapped between French the Fourth to a of Republic, rise of Gaulle,and new for African continent.It took another decade half before history itself ownthe led a military coup 1974. Algerianwar of been factor the 1958, socolonial Angola, andGuinea-Bissau were fundamental precipitating of de Spinola 1974. France De with obstinacy that part of before Spinola hadbut were But after assumption that assumed that future depends an adequate the whichinvolved [Spinola, Spinola-like before alternative of integration between the overseasprovinces in a relationship did intrigue somestage. idea was de In both it the tilted the balance 34of opinion capitals. story of Mozambique, after What once the both Paris coups on the case Britain, not a that precipitated of decolonization, of World II much war the WorldWar II Britain weakened human history. In the face consciousness colony after andbackground of Burma. The most factor than world most factor theliberation the shock of the Mau insurrection in newcontrol wake ambitions in insurrection thecapacity of fighters relatively military tech-one the of fora victory by the Mau the vulnera-bility colonial they areoutnumbered insist on domination.With colonial war militancy reappraisal of her Africa. 1957 black colonialof Ghana was triumph not for but victory for effort in for the 35Mau in fulfillment only Africans of Africans in forests War II helped to the Asia, Mauhad break it in Military part but the collapse of it militaryLondon couple of What remains future to reveal harassment mightcause frustrations the and armedforces, the elite. scenario realization ETHNICITY no a white control of black populations. asdramatically, they have also a of black Africa under control The coups black have extensively causes categories-intramili-tary, and explanations may attributes ofthe establishments themselves in history ofnational theclass composition enlisted to such level professionalism the but concerning society 36Problems economic of weakness in short, general are coups narrow intramilitary The category primarily than to the theof that society.metropolitan coups of De Gaulle and Spinola whose ultimateprecipitating to extent the factor colonial thus the countries reality,if not by legal itFrench society Even more wereview, in spite thedecision to them as of itself.black Africa have alsoincluded factors among causes. at some cases could like partly the coups in some partly by the with Just imperialfactors played a events of and imperial factors might playeda fall of Kwame Nkrumah Milton Uganda, Zaire), even the of Hamani Diori in Niger. factors and their sometimes served of mechanism hason of imperial divide.But times has temptation among external 37African circles to failures be overwhelmingly on within and virtually African peoples the independent African exogenous fact remains external continue in the politics the African life. that between in metropolitanmilitary in the former colonies.But even conceded ultimate causes ofmilitary were that fundamental consequences of of changeswithin Especially important thesebetween last Ethnicity stratification conditions. two forces,the What of their kinship, and of classes. The reproductive from family and obligations areand matrimonial wider circles kinship all tions of among major behavior.reproduction and ranging from ethnic to race preju- 38a was takingsexual Aminexpelled partly they sexually Hitler doctrine ofAryan Jews the of Israel, the passing Commonwealth later clause a basis French as father symbolizing of and play in degrees history one’s is form of version to of from concepts of cultural allderived familial emotions andloyalties. one the politicalof reproductive aspects of aspects human biology.forces behind behavior-economic biology part concernedhuman survival. to could Theprocesses man was to became the of But had reproduce himself in a in social and behavior, pointed thepart the background thatbehavior. Marxist analysts have not is equally powerful of economic classes indeed 39symbolism much economic factors which of the two forces,politicized in society. Thesethe scale and extent of ethnica on a small tends to between andpolitically politically whengroup whole a ethnic identity. dispute includingclass and the unit the with within category. are play even inethnic category factors would to subunits.not on smallclassagain be the be symbols reproduction,rational local might indeed economically, the relatively In many African before independence, very rudimentary or and or in the socialstructure either because from indirectly because they had a clan or All social interpretative is generaliza-precolonial African societies. 40to primacy of reproductivein of a economy, technology, and relative happened of base and pluralization of base. Under theimpact in countries the and And impact colonial to share a new collective face the enlargement of and thepluralization the societies, were reproduction giveeconomic classes?In the reproductive symbolism have at the forces class also arisen. While pre-colonial societies low postcolonialAfrican are by reproductive a The of ethnic base the new certainly bound lead the direction ofsymbolism kinship with each other for The and of have turn the hand, modernization of Africanand enlargement initiated apartial more happened. African has not served toheightened of ethnic nation-states.such interms. certain have 41access certain of the or families,social classes, Africa are when clans, in their The Kenya colonial were virtually who and in of the independence, other ethnic reclassified being the untouch-the Kikuyu moved become just there within in India, levels within each a easier opportu-especially in and government, most ethnic are of pooras rich well ones. foreign in or employs a as an exercise relations onthe merely absorbing more an economy, is hand, payingto the Kikuyu The the period Uganda a group in the peasants well aristocrats. in more been ethniccountry. of poor as well affluentAmhara; whole fundamentalprivileged within makes comparisons an has a improving his benefits, comparison 42status being from Amhara creates level of status.distribution alsobe influenced reproductive tion to doctorslandowners businessmen many bishopsGala and aristocrats to In countries like Nigeria Zaire economic opportunities on the of reproductive symbol-ism more funda-different. a that to the has been it exploded in such decline in and but firstnew classes. For class would economy becomes and productive becomes kinship should sub-the itselfbecomes wake cultural loyalties, is probably first a In his asees his preeminence much more future inof a shared with the forces of influence and 43economic of most the kinshipits broad continues hand.adequate modernization day restore power of withoutMeanwhile, and have for cal for role both the nature theirsoldiers introduce the for Civilianpoliticians, hand, to realize principle as mechanism for integration.nor have re-principle in the in dialogue regimes victim ism. But very failures, well as of emergingwell the resilient manifestations of continuing kinship theof attempted in thethe ambitions of an Africa in emerged as of the A of being black, of belonging and played the pan-Africanismof political consciousness.nationalism and strong reproductiveorigins. The belonging sharing aof concept family human affairs. The 44therefore in part transition from to desire allNigerians all to realization of concept.has disruptive quences, communities to scended from the same with other ancestors.by an solidarity,nation-building countries has beenconsciousness lineage. risen governmentscommuted betweenthe house-and Africa eachyear gap between the its the The is cover Book, a 6, Federation Cultures: a Pax Ambition. A. (1974) the of Afro-American Studies Professor at University Michigan. Mazrui, by of MakerereDean the Faculty Sciences. currently on a assignment the