Disclaimer: This document is for general guidance and reference purpo - PDF document

Disclaimer: This document is for general guidance and reference purposes only. It is intended for use by professional personnel competent to evaluate the signi cance and limitations of the information provided and who will accept full responsibility for the application of this information. This document does not supersede or modify any legal requirements, and it is not a binding standard or speci cation. No liability of any kind is created or assumed by the National Lime Association or its members arising out of any use of it. The National Lime Association does not intend to infringe on any patent or other intellectual property right or induce any other party to do so, and thus users of this document are responsible for determining whether any method, technique, or technology described herein is protected by patent or other legal restriction.National Lime Association, 200 N. Glebe Rd., Suite 800, Arlington, VA 22203, 703.243.5463, Fax 703.243.5489, http://www.lime.orgAKALI CONVERSION TABLE es equivalent weight ratios. CaOCa(OH)CaO . MgONaOHNa1.320.861.431.892.641.722.853.7862848593451714073935686156299176811111.897.7412.8417.0113.218.5914.2718.9019.8212.8921.4028.352026.4317.1928.5337.802533.0321.4935.6747.2639.6425.7842.8056.7146.2430.0849.9366.1652.8534.3857.0775.6159.4638.6864.2085.0666.0642.9771.3494.515572.6747.2778.47103.9679.2851.5785.60113.4185.8855.8792.74122.8692.4960.1699.87132.3299.0964.46107.00141.77105.7068.76114.14151.22112.3173.06121.27160.67118.9177.35128.40170.1295125.5281.65135.54179.57100132.1385.95142.67189.02 COMPARISON OF COMMON ALKALIS IN TYPICAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS1/ Quantities speci ed do not include excess alkali for pH adjustment, etc., that may be required to complete reaction.2/ Extent of reaction considered is the formation of the tribasic compounds, Ca3/ Cyanide destruction to the N product, as: 4/ Extent of chlorination considered is the formation in water of the hypochlorites, Ca(OCl) and NaOCl. Alkali Reactions with100% Pure Reactant lbs.Stoichimetric Quantities of 100% Pure AlkalisRequired for ReactionsCaO equiv. lbs.NaOH lbs.Na lbs.Sulfuric Acid10057.281.6108.1Hydrochloric Acid10076.9109.7145.3Nitric Acid10044.563.584.1Hydro uoric Acid100140.1200.0264.3Phosphoric Acid10085.8122.5162.2Sodium Cyanide and Chlorine100228.8326.5Chlorine10079.1112.8 FORMULA FOR CALCULATING WEIGHTS OF SLURRYFor calculating the weights of slurry with varying percentages of water, the following formula may be used: W = weight in pounds of slurry per cubic foot. s = speci c gravity of dry lime solids. a = per cent water in slurry.The result may be divided by 62.37 to obtain the result in grams per cubic centimeter.SOLUBILITY OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDEMagnesium hydroxide is virtually insoluble in water. At 18 and 100 degrees C. the solubilities are, respec-tively, 0.0098 and 0.0042 gms. Mg(OH) per liter of saturated solution. The presence of small quantities of slightly.HEATS OF REACTION AT 25 DEGREES C.O = Ca(OH) heat evolved = 15,300 cal/gram mol. 273 cal/gram = 27,500 BTU/lb.mol. 490 BTU/lb.O = Mg(OH) heat evolved = 8,800 to 10,000 cal/gram mol. 218 to 248 cal/gram = 14,400 to 18,000 BTU/lb. mol. 357 to 446 BTU/lb. W = */ Data are based on a typical high calcium lime. In obtaining these data, the milk of lime was placed in a wide cylinder, slowly rotating to permit agitation. The hydrometer was inserted and allowed to sink slowly; the reading taken when it stopped. In the case of a thin slurry, the reading must be taken quickly before the lime settles, while in the case of a thick cream of lime, duplicate readings should be taken to assure the correct hydrometer value.The table is for milk-of-lime suspensions. Above 30% solids some limes no longer show properties of a suspension and are quite stiff (paste). At 35% additives are often added to make the suspension pumpable. At 40% these limes are generally too stiff to pump.Settling rates of commercial lime slurries vary widely and depend primarily upon the particle size of the lime. Finely pulverized pure limes settle slowly; on the other hand, coarse limes settle rapidly. Milk-of-lime SuspensionsLime Content*% Solids Ca(OH)in WaterSpeciGravity at 15 C.Degrees Baumé (Bur. Stds. Scale)Grams CaO per literGrams Ca(OH)2 per literLbs. CaO per U.S. gal.Lbs. CaO per cu. ft.1.0101.4411.715.5.097.071.61.0202.8424.432.2.2031.53.21.0304.2237.149.0.3092.34.81.0405.5849.865.8.4153.16.31.0506.9162.582.6.5203.97.91.0608.2175.299.4.6264.79.41.0709.4987.9116.7325.510.81.08010.74100132.8336.312.31.09011.97113149.9417.113.71.10013.181261661.057.915.21.11014.371381821.158.716.41.12015.541522011.279.518.01.13016.681642171.3710.319.31.14017.811772341.4711.120.51.15018.911902511.5811.921.81.16020.002032681.6912.723.11.17021.072851.8013.524.41.18022.122293031.9114.325.61.19023.152423202.0215.127.01.20024.172553372.1215.928.01.21025.162683542.2316.729.21.22026.152813712.3417.630.41.23027.112943882.4518.431.61.24028.063074062.5619.232.81.25029.003214242.6720.033.8 TEMPERATURE vs. pH OF A SATURATED CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONConversion Formula:pH correction = [0.03 pH units/1.0 deg. C] x [Measured Temp deg. C - 25]This equation indicates that for each degree difference between the measured temperature in degrees C and 25 degrees C, there is a change in pH of 0.03 units. Thus, for example, if a pH of 12 is measured at 20 degrees C, the pH at 25 degrees C is 11.85 [12 + (0.03 x -5)]. There is an inverse relationship between temperature and pH.Note that the temperature correction controls on pH meters do NOT compensate for the changes in solubility created by changes in temperature. The pH meter controls address probe temperature and Temperature 13.00312.81012.62712.45412.28912.13311.98411.84111.70511.57411.449 SOLUBILITY OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE IN WATERGrams per 100 gms. sat. sol. 000.1330.1760.1250.1650.1200.1590.1160.1530.1060.1400.0970.1280.0880.1160.0790.1040.0700.0920.0610.0811000.0540.071The solubility of commercial limes in water does not vary more than 7% from the solubility of pure calcium hydroxide. The differences are probably due to the presence of traces of sodium and potassium hydroxide in commercial limes. The presence of magnesia, silica, and carbonate have no effect upon the solubility of ordinary lime, but may have a marked effect upon its rate of solution. Particle size may also in uence solubility. Because the solubility of lime decreases as the temperature increases (see page 5), the pH of lime solutions is correspondingly lower at higher temperatures (see page 6). pH OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS AT 25 DEGREES C.Graph Showing pH Curve of Calcium Hydroxide Solutions at 25° C 0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.4GRAMS CaO PER LITER Maximum Solubility of Ca(OH) Solutions at 25 C til meAssociati L I M E eratile Checa ct See PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL COMMERCIAL LIME PRODUCTS Quiklime High Caiu Doomitimary onstituents O•vity 3.23.4 3.23.Buk Density bble Lme, /cu. f 55 55ea a 100° , B/lb 0.19 0.2Angle of 55° 55°Hyrate Highmaressur aliuDoomitiDoomitimary onstituents (OH (OHgO(OHg(OHvity 2.32.4 2.72.9 2.42.ulk Densit, /cu. f 2535 2535 3040ea a 100° , B/l 0.29 0.29 0.2Angle of 70° 70° 70°In some stanhee ue my e exen. he st meodscibn ASM 110 an e fr ermk ensity ue. In lctistoe olume rerements, he lower ure lde u, hereahe higher ue lde u fr ossign sigafey factohe angle f repose fr both f lime e n articararcosidbly with meh, oisture coen, ree f aetion, ansichacteristicsf he lime. (E, fr icliitenelly ar frm 50 to 55 ree an fr lime it my ane a muh a 15 to 80 ree Disclaimer: This document is for general guidance and reference purposes only. It is intended for use by professional personnel competent to evaluate the signi cance and limitations of the information provided and who will accept full responsibility for the application of this information. This document does not supersede or modify any legal requirements, and it is not a binding standard or speci cation. No liability of any kind is created or assumed by the National Lime Association or its members arising out of any use of it. The National Lime Association does not intend to infringe on any patent or other intellectual property right or induce any other party to do so, and thus users of this document are responsible for determining whether any method, technique, or technology described herein is protected by patent or other legal restriction.National Lime Association, 200 N. Glebe Rd., Suite 800, Arlington, VA 22203, 703.243.5463, Fax 703.243.5489, http://www.lime.orgAKALI CONVERSION TABLE es equivalent weight ratios. CaOCa(OH)CaO . MgONaOHNa1.320.861.431.892.641.722.853.7862848593451714073935686156299176811111.897.7412.8417.0113.218.5914.2718.9019.8212.8921.4028.352026.4317.1928.5337.802533.0321.4935.6747.2639.6425.7842.8056.7146.2430.0849.9366.1652.8534.3857.0775.6159.4638.6864.2085.0666.0642.9771.3494.515572.6747.2778.47103.9679.2851.5785.60113.4185.8855.8792.74122.8692.4960.1699.87132.3299.0964.46107.00141.77105.7068.76114.14151.22112.3173.06121.27160.67118.9177.35128.40170.1295125.5281.65135.54179.57100132.1385.95142.67189.02 COMPARISON OF COMMON ALKALIS IN TYPICAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS1/ Quantities speci ed do not include excess alkali for pH adjustment, etc., that may be required to complete reaction.2/ Extent of reaction considered is the formation of the tribasic compounds, Ca3/ Cyanide destruction to the N product, as: 4/ Extent of chlorination considered is the formation in water of the hypochlorites, Ca(OCl) and NaOCl. Alkali Reactions with100% Pure Reactant lbs.Stoichimetric Quantities of 100% Pure AlkalisRequired for ReactionsCaO equiv. lbs.NaOH lbs.Na lbs.Sulfuric Acid10057.281.6108.1Hydrochloric Acid10076.9109.7145.3Nitric Acid10044.563.584.1Hydro uoric Acid100140.1200.0264.3Phosphoric Acid10085.8122.5162.2Sodium Cyanide and Chlorine100228.8326.5Chlorine10079.1112.8 FORMULA FOR CALCULATING WEIGHTS OF SLURRYFor calculating the weights of slurry with varying percentages of water, the following formula may be used: W = weight in pounds of slurry per cubic foot. c gravity of dry lime solids. a = per cent water in slurry.The result may be divided by 62.37 to obtain the result in grams per cubic centimeter.SOLUBILITY OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDEMagnesium hydroxide is virtually insoluble in water. At 18 and 100 degrees C. the solubilities are, respec-tively, 0.0098 and 0.0042 gms. Mg(OH) per liter of saturated solution. The presence of small quantities of slightly.HEATS OF REACTION AT 25 DEGREES C.O = Ca(OH) heat evolved = 15,300 cal/gram mol. 273 cal/gram= 27,500 BTU/lb.mol. 490 BTU/lb.O = Mg(OH) heat evolved = 8,800 to 10,000 cal/gram mol. 218 to 248 cal/gram = 14,400 to 18,000 BTU/lb. mol. 357 to 446 BTU/lb. as placed in a wide cylinder, slowly rotating to permit agitation. The hydrometer was inserted and allowed to sink slowly; the reading taken when it stopped. In the case of a thin slurry, the reading must be taken quickly before the lime settles, while in the case of a thick cream of lime, duplicate readings should be taken to assure the correct hydrometer value.The table is for milk-of-lime suspensions. Above 30% solids some limes no longer show properties of a suspension and are quite stiff (paste). At 35% additives are often added to make the suspension pumpable. At 40% these limes are generally too stiff to pump.Settling rates of commercial lime slurries vary widely and depend primarily upon the particle size of the lime. Finely pulverized pure limes settle slowly; on the other hand, coarse limes settle rapidly. Milk-of-lime SuspensionsLime Content*% Solids Ca(OH)in WaterSpeciGravity at 15 C.Degrees Baumé (Bur. Stds. Scale)Grams CaO per literGrams Ca(OH)2 per literLbs. CaO per U.S. gal.Lbs. CaO per cu. ft.1.0101.4411.715.5.097.071.61.0202.8424.432.2.2031.53.21.0304.2237.149.0.3092.34.81.0405.5849.865.8.4153.16.31.0506.9162.582.6.5203.97.91.0608.2175.299.4.6264.79.41.0709.4987.9116.7325.510.81.08010.74100132.8336.312.31.09011.97113149.9417.113.71.10013.181261661.057.915.21.11014.371381821.158.716.41.12015.541522011.279.518.01.13016.681642171.3710.319.31.14017.811772341.4711.120.51.15018.911902511.5811.921.81.16020.002032681.6912.723.11.17021.072851.8013.524.41.18022.122293031.9114.325.61.19023.152423202.0215.127.01.20024.172553372.1215.928.01.21025.162683542.2316.729.21.22026.152813712.3417.630.41.23027.112943882.4518.431.61.24028.063074062.5619.232.81.25029.003214242.6720.033.8 TEMPERATURE vs. pH OF A SATURATED CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONConversion Formula:pH correction = [0.03 pH units/1.0 deg. C] x [Measured Temp deg. C - 25]ature in degrees verse relationship between temperature and pH.Note that the temperature correction controls on pH meters do NOT compensate for the changes in solubility created by changes in temperature. The pH meter controls address probe temperature and Temperature 13.00312.81012.62712.45412.28912.13311.98411.84111.70511.57411.449 SOLUBILITY OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE IN WATERGrams per 100 gms. sat. sol. 000.1330.1760.1250.1650.1200.1590.1160.1530.1060.1400.0970.1280.0880.1160.0790.1040.0700.0920.0610.0811000.0540.071The solubility of commercial limes in water does not vary more than 7% from the solubility of pure calcium hydroxide. The differences are probably due to the presence of traces of sodium and potassium hydroxide ve no effect upon the solubility of ordinary lime, but may have a marked effect upon its rate of solution. Particle size may also in uence solubility. pH OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS AT 25 DEGREES C.Graph Showing pH Curve of Calcium Hydroxide Solutions at 25° C 0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.4GRAMS CaO PER LITER Maximum Solubility of Ca(OH) Solutions at 25 C Because the solubility of lime decreases as the temperature increases (see page 3), the pH of lime solutions is correspondingly lower at higher temperatures (see page 4). National Lime Association L I M E LIMEThe Versatile Chemical Fact Sheet PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL COMMERCIAL LIME PRODUCTS Quicklimes High Calcium DolomiticPrimary Constituents CaO CaO•MgOSpeci c Gravity 3.2-3.4 3.2-3.4Bulk Density (Pebble Lime), lb./cu. ft. 55-60 55-60Speci c Heat at 100° F., Btu/lb 0.19 0.21Angle of Repose 55° ** 55° **Hydrates High Normal Pressure Calcium Dolomitic DolomiticPrimary Constituents Ca(OH) Ca(OH)MgO Ca(OH)Mg(OH)Speci c Gravity 2.3-2.4 2.7-2.9 2.4-2.6Bulk Density, lb./cu. ft. 25-35 25-35 30-40 Speci c Heat at 100° F., Btu/lb. 0.29 0.29 0.29Angle of Repose 70° ** 70° ** 70° **/ In some instances these values may be extended. The test method described in ASTM C110 can be used for determining bulk density values. In calculating storage volume requirements, the lower gure should be used, whereas the higher value should be used for gross weight in designing safety factors.**/ The angle of repose for both types of lime (hydrate in particular) varies considerably with mesh, moisture content, degree of aeration, and physical characteristics of the lime. (E.g., for quicklime it generally varies from 50 to 55 degrees and for hydrated lime it may range as much as 15 to 80 degrees.)