伀爀愀挀氀攀R圀栀i - PDF document

伀爀愀挀氀攀R圀栀椀瑥R倀愀瀀攀爀靐愀爀瑩瑩漀渀椀渀最R眀椀瑨R伀爀愀挀氀攀RU愀瑡戀愀猀攀RTT最R刀攀氀攀愀猀攀RHR 3渀R伀爀愀捬攀R圀栀椀琀攀R倀愀瀀攀爀 匀攀瀀琀攀洀戀攀爀RHFFN 偡牴椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最R眀椀琀栀R 伀牡捬攀RU愀琀愀戀愀獥RTT最R刀攀氀攀愀獥RH 伀爀愀挀氀攀R圀栀椀瑥R倀愀瀀攀爀靐愀爀瑩瑩漀渀椀渀最R眀椀瑨R伀爀愀挀氀攀RU愀瑡戀愀猀攀RTT最R刀攀氀攀愀猀攀RHR 倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最R阀RJ漀渀捥瀀琀猀 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE –渀琀爀漀搀甀捴椀漀渀 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE =攀渀攀昀椀琀猠漀昀R倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最R EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最R阀R䴀漀搀攀氀椀渀最R昀漀爀R礀漀甀爀R=甀獩渀攀獳 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE =愀獩挀R倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最R匀琀爀愀琀攀最椀攀猀 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最R_硴攀渀獩漀渀猀 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀R3搀癩獯爀 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最R匀琀爀愀琀攀最椀攀猠愀渀搀R_硴攀渀獩漀渀猀R愀琀R愀R<氀愀渀捥 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE TF –渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀R䰀椀昀攀捹挀氀攀R䴀愀渀愀最攀洀攀渀琀R眀椀琀栀R倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE TT J漀渀捬甀獩漀渀 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE TT 伀爀愀挀氀攀R圀栀椀瑥R倀愀瀀攀爀靐愀爀瑩瑩漀渀椀渀最R眀椀瑨R伀爀愀挀氀攀RU愀瑡戀愀猀攀RTT最R刀攀氀攀愀猀攀RHR 倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最R阀RJ漀渀捥瀀琀猀 –渀琀爀漀搀甀捴椀漀渀 ĂacԆ ࠃrtਉion਌g, fਂst ਌tȋduced ਌ ĂacԆ 8.0 ਌ 1997, ਐ one of the most ਚpoȉant and successful funct਋naԊties of the ĂacԆ database, ਚpȋving the peȏoȚance, manageabਅਉy, and avaਅabਅਉy foȇtens of thousands of appԊcations. ĂacԆ Database 11g Release 2 ਌tȋduces the th generat਋n of paȉਉion਌g, enabԊng customeȐ to model even moȆ bus਌ess scenaȊos and mak਌g ࠃrtਉ਋n਌g easਆȇto use, enabԊng ࠃrtਉion਌g “foȇthe masses”. ĂacԆ Database 11g ReԆase 2 continues to enhance ĂacԆ ࠃrtਉion਌g, protecting ouȇcustomeȐ' ਌vestment ਌ partਉion਌g foȇoveȇa decade. =攀渀攀昀椀琀猀R漀昀R倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最R ࠃȉit਋ning can pȋv਑e tȆmendous benefਉs to a wide vaȊety of appԊcat਋ns by ਚpȋv਌g manageabਅਉy, peȏoȚance, and avaਅabਅਉy. It ਐ not unusual foȇpaȉਉion਌g to ਚprove the peȏoȚance of ceȉain queȊes oȇma਌tenance opeȃtions by an oȑeȇof magnitude. MoȆoveȎ partਉion਌g can gȆatԞ Ȇduce the totaԇcost of data owneȐhਛ, us਌g a “tਆȆd aȄhਝ਌g” appȋach of keep਌g oldeȇȆԆvant ਌foȚat਋n stਅԇonԊne on low cost storage dev਄es. ĂacԆ ࠃȉit਋ning enabԆs an efficਆnt and sਚple, yet veȞ poweȏuԇappȋach when cons਑eȊng Information LਏecycԆ Management foȇԃȍe envਂonments. ࠃȉit਋ning aԐo enabԆs database des਍neȐ and adm਌ਐtratoȐ to tackԆ some of the toughest probԆms posed by cutt਌g-edge appԊcat਋ns. ࠃrtਉ਋n਌g ਐ a key tooԇfoȇbuਅd਌g muԉਫteȃbyte systems oȇsystems with extremeԞ h਍h avaਅabਅity Ȇquਂements. ࠃȉit਋ning aԅows a tabԆ, ਌dex oȇ਌dex-oȍanਭed table to be subdਝ਑ed into smaԅeȇpieces. Each pਆce of the database ob⼆ct ਐ caԅed a paȉit਋n. Each paȉit਋n has its own name, and may opt਋naԅy have its own storage chaȃcteȊst਄s. 。om the peȐpectਝe of a database adm਌ਐtratoȎ a paȉਉioned object has muԉਛle pਆces that can be managed eitheȇcoԅectਝely oȇindਝ਑uaԅy. Thਐ gਝes the adm਌ਐtratoȇcons਑eȃble flexਜਅਉy ਌ manag਌g paȉit਋ned ob⼆ct. HoweveȎ fȋm the peȐpectਝe of the appԊcation, a paȉਉioned tabԆ ਐ ਑ent਄aԇto a non-paȉਉioned tabԆ; no modਏ਄ations aȆ necessaȞ when access਌g a paȉਉioned tabԆ us਌g SQL DML command s. 伀爀愀挀氀攀R圀栀椀瑥R倀愀瀀攀爀靐愀爀瑩瑩漀渀椀渀最R眀椀瑨R伀爀愀挀氀攀RU愀瑡戀愀猀攀RTT最R刀攀氀攀愀猀攀RHR 5椀最甀爀攀RTGR3瀀瀀氀椀挀愀瑩漀渀R愀渀搀RU=3R瀀攀爀猀瀀攀挀瑩瘀攀R漀映愀R瀀愀爀瑩瑩漀渀攀搀R琀愀戀氀攀 Database ob⼆cts - tables, ਌dexes, and ਌dex-oȍanਭed tabԆs - are partਉ਋ned us਌g a Ă̄lcle l܈tion ', a set of coԒmns that deteȚine ਌ wh਄h partਉ਋n a gਝen ȋw wਅl Ȇside. 》r exampԆ the sales tabԆ shown ਌ f਍uȆ 1 ਐ range-partਉ਋ned on saԆs date, us਌g a monthԞ partਉion਌g stȃtegy; the tabԆ appeaȐ to any appԊcat਋n as a s਌gԆ, 'noȚal' tabԆ. HoweveȎ the DBA can manage and store each monthԞ paȉਉion ਌dਝ਑uaԅy, potentਃԅy us਌g dਏfeȆnt storage tਆȐ, appԞ਌g tabԆ compȆss਋n to the oldeȇdata, oȇstoȆ compԆte ranges of oldeȇdata ਌ Ȇad only tablespaces. IȂespectਝe of the chosen ਌dex partਉ਋n਌g stȃtegy, an index ਐ eitheȇcoupԆd oȇuncoupԆd wਉh the undeȅy਌g paȉit਋ning strategy of the undeȅying tabԆ. The appȋpȊate ਌dex partਉion਌g stȃtegy ਐ chosen based on the bus਌ess requਂements, mak਌g partਉion਌g weԅ suਉed to suppoȉ any k਌d of appԊcation. Ăacle Database 11 dਏfeȆntਃtes between thȆe types of paȉਉioned ਌dexes. ge,rftsܑouo8. A ԋcaԇ਌dex ਐ an index on a partਉ਋ned table that ਐ coupԆd wਉh the undeȅy਌g paȉit਋ned tabԆ, 'inheȊt਌g' the paȉit਋ning stȃtegy fȋm the tabԆ. ConsequentԞ, each paȉit਋n of a ԋcaԇ਌dex coȂesponds to one - and onԞ one - partਉ਋n of the undeȅying table. The coupԊng enabԆs optਚਭed partਉ਋n ma਌tenance; foȇexampԆ, when a tabԆ paȉit਋n ਐ dȋpped, Ăacle sਚply has to dȋp the coȂesponding index paȉit਋n as weԅ. No costԞ ਌dex ma਌tenance ਐ Ȇquਂed. Locaԇ਌dexes aȆ most common ਌ data warehous਌g envਂonments. 0feᘂft9r̄lcle܋ᄉsܑouo8. A gԋbaԇpaȉਉioned ਌dex ਐ an ਌dex on a partਉ਋ned oȇnon- paȉit਋ned tabԆ that ਐ partਉioned us਌g a dਏfeȆnt partਉ਋n਌g-key oȇpartਉ਋n਌g stȃtegy than the table. Globaԫpartਉioned indexes can be paȉit਋ned us਌g range oȇhash paȉਉion਌g and aȆ uncoupԆd fȋm the undeȅy਌g tabԆ. 》ȇexampԆ, a tabԆ could be ȃnge-paȉਉioned by month and have tweԝe paȉਉions, whਅe an index on that tabԆ couԑ be ȃnge-paȉit਋ned us਌g a dਏferent paȉit਋n਌g key and have a dਏfeȆnt numbeȇof partਉ਋ns. Globaԇpaȉit਋ned indexes aȆ moȆ common foȇĪTP than foȇdata warehous਌g envਂonments. 0feᘂft7eܙ9r̄lcle܋dtsܑouo8. A gԋbaԇnon-paȉਉioned ਌dex ਐ essentਃԅy ident਄aԇto an index on a non-paȉਉioned tabԆ. The ਌dex stȒctuȆ ਐ not partਉ਋ned and uncoupԆd from the undeȅy਌g tabԆ. In data waȆhous਌g envਂonments, the most common usage of global 伀爀愀挀氀攀R圀栀椀瑥R倀愀瀀攀爀靐愀爀瑩瑩漀渀椀渀最R眀椀瑨R伀爀愀挀氀攀RU愀瑡戀愀猀攀RTT最R刀攀氀攀愀猀攀RHR non-partਉ਋ned indexes ਐ to enfoȄe pȊmaȞ key constra਌ts. ĪTࠇenvਂonments on the otheȇhand mostly reԞ on gԋbaԇnon-paȉit਋ned ਌dexes. ĂacԆ addit਋naԅy prov਑es a compȆhensਝe set of SQL commands foȇmanag਌g paȉit਋ning tabԆs. These incԒde commands foȇadd਌g new partਉ਋ns, dȋpp਌g, spԊtt਌g, mov਌g, meȍing, tȒncat਌g, and optionaԅy compȆss਌g paȉit਋ns. ĂacԆ ࠃrtਉion਌g aԅows tabԆs and ਌dexes to be partਉ਋ned ਌to smaԅeȎ more manageabԆ unਉs, pȋv਑ing database adminਐtȃtoȐ with the abਅity to puȐue a "dਝ਑e and conqueȻ appȋach to data management. Wਉh paȉit਋n਌g, ma਌tenance opeȃtions can be focused on part਄uԃȇport਋ns of tables. 》r exampԆ, a database adm਌ਐtȃtoȇcouԑ compress a s਌gԆ partਉion conta਌਌g say the data for the yeaȇ2006 of a table, ratheȇthan compȆss਌g the entਂe tabԆ. 》ȇma਌tenance opeȃtions across an entਂe database ob⼆ct, ਉ ਐ possਜԆ to peȏoȚ these opeȃt਋ns on a peȫpartਉ਋n basਐ, thus dਝ਑਌g the maintenance pȋcess ਌to more manageabԆ chunks. A typicaԇusage of partਉ਋n਌g foȇmanageabਅਉy ਐ to suppoȉ a 'roԅ਌g w਌dow' load pȋcess ਌ a data warehouse. Suppose that a DBA loads new data ਌to a tabԆ on daਅy basਐ. That table couԑ be ȃnge-paȉit਋ned so that each paȉit਋n conta਌s one day of data. The ԋad process ਐ sਚpԞ the addਉion of a new partਉ਋n. Adding a s਌gԆ partਉ਋n ਐ much more eff਄ਆnt than modਏying the entਂe tabԆ, s਌ce the DBA does not need to modਏy any otheȇpaȉit਋ns. Anotheȇadvantage of us਌g paȉਉioning ਐ when it ਐ tਚe to Ȇmove data, an entਂe paȉit਋n can be dȋpped wh਄h ਐ very eff਄ਆnt and fast, compaȆd to delet਌g each ȋw indਝ਑uaԅy. By Ԋmਉing the amount of data to be examined oȇoperated on, paȉit਋n਌g pȋvides a numbeȇof peȏoȚance benefits. These featuȆs incԒde: 9r̄lcle l܈t9̚ l܈ : Paȉਉioning pȒn਌g (a.k.a. Paȉਉion eԊm਌at਋n) ਐ the sਚpԆst and aԐo the most substantiaԇmeans to ਚpȋve peȏoȚance us਌g partਉ਋n਌g. ࠃrtਉ਋n pȒn਌g can often ਚpȋve queȞ peȏormance by seveȃԇordeȐ of magnਉude. 》ȇexampԆ, suppose an appԊcat਋n conta਌s an ORDERS tabԆ contain਌g an hਐtoȊcaԇrecord of ordeȐ, and that thਐ table has been partਉioned by day. A queȞ Ȇquest਌g ordeȐ foȇa s਌gԆ week wouԑ only access seven partਉ਋ns of the ORDERS tabԆ. If the tabԆ had 2 yeaȐ of hਐtoȊcaԇdata, thਐ queȞ wouԑ access seven paȉit਋ns ਌stead of 730 paȉit਋ns. Thਐ queȞ couԑ potentਃԅy execute 100x fasteȇsਚpԞ because of paȉਉion pȒning. Paȉਉion pȒning woȢs wਉh aԅ of ĂacԆ's otheȇpeȏoȚance featuȆs. ĂacԆ wਅԇutਅਭe partਉ਋n pȒn਌g ਌ con⼒nct਋n with any ਌dex਌g technਨue, ⼋਌ technਨue, oȇpaȃԅeԇaccess method. 伀爀愀挀氀攀R圀栀椀瑥R倀愀瀀攀爀靐愀爀瑩瑩漀渀椀渀最R眀椀瑨R伀爀愀挀氀攀RU愀瑡戀愀猀攀RTT最R刀攀氀攀愀猀攀RHR 9r̄lcleܙpl8otbelܓ : Paȉਉioning can aԐo ਚpȋve the peȏoȚance of muԉਫtabԆ jo਌s, by us਌g a technਨue known as paȉਉion-wਐe ⼋ins. ࠃrtਉ਋n-wਐe ⼋਌s can be appԊed when two tables are be਌g ⼋ined togetheȎ and at Ԇast one of these tabԆs ਐ paȉਉioned on the ⼋in key. ࠃrtਉion-wਐe ⼋਌s bȆak a laȍe ⼋਌ ਌to smaԅeȇ⼋ins of '਑ent਄aԥ data sets foȇthe ⼋ined tables. 'Ident਄al' heȆ ਐ defined as coveȊng exactԞ the same set of paȉਉion਌g key vaԒes on both s਑es of the jo਌, thus ensuȊng that onԞ a ⼋in of these '਑ent਄aԥ data sets wਅԇpȋduce a Ȇsuԉ and that otheȇdata sets do not have to be cons਑eȆd. ĂacԆ ਐ us਌g eਉheȇthe fact of aԂeady (phys਄al) equਫpaȉਉioned tabԆs foȇthe jo਌ oȇਐ tȃnspaȆntԞ ȆdਐtȊbut਌g (= “Ȇpartਉ਋n਌g”) one tabԆ at Ȓntਚe to cȆate equਫpartਉ਋ned data sets match਌g the paȉit਋ning of the otheȇtabԆ, compԆt਌g the oveȃԅ ⼋in in less tਚe. Thਐ offeȐ s਍nਏ਄ant peȏoȚance benefਉs both foȇseȊaԇand paȃԅeԇexecut਋n. ࠃȉit਋ned database ob⼆cts prov਑e paȉit਋n ਌dependence. Thਐ chaȃcteȊst਄ of paȉit਋n ਌dependence can be an ਚpoȉant paȉ of a h਍h-avaਅabਅਉy stȃtegy. 》ȇexampԆ, ਏ one partਉion of a paȉit਋ned tabԆ ਐ unavaਅabԆ, aԅ of the otheȇpartਉ਋ns of the tabԆ Ȇma਌ onԊne and avaਅabԆ. The appԊcation can continue to execute queȊes and tȃnsact਋ns aga਌st thਐ partਉioned tabԆ, and these database operat਋ns wਅԇȒn successfuԅy ਏ they do not need to access the unavaਅabԆ partਉ਋n. The database adminਐtȃtoȇcan specਏy that each partਉ਋n be stored ਌ a sepaȃte tablespace; thਐ wouԑ aԅow the adm਌ਐtratoȇto do backup and ȆcoveȞ opeȃt਋ns on each indਝ਑uaԇpaȉਉion, ਌dependent of the otheȇpartਉ਋ns in the tabԆ. TherefoȆ ਌ the event of a dਐasteȎ the database couԑ be Ȇcovered wਉh ⼒st the partਉ਋ns compȊs਌g of the actਝe data, and then the inactਝe data ਌ the otheȇpaȉit਋ns could be ȆcoveȆd at a convenਆnt tਚe. Thus decȆas਌g the system down-tਚe. MoȆoveȎ paȉit਋ning can Ȇduce scheduԆd downtਚe. The peȏoȚance ga਌s prov਑ed by partਉion਌g may enabԆ database adm਌ਐtȃtoȐ to complete maintenance opeȃt਋ns on laȍe database objects ਌ ȆԃtਝeԞ smaԅ batch w਌dows. 伀爀愀挀氀攀R圀栀椀瑥R倀愀瀀攀爀靐愀爀瑩瑩漀渀椀渀最R眀椀瑨R伀爀愀挀氀攀RU愀瑡戀愀猀攀RTT最R刀攀氀攀愀猀攀RHR 倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最R阀R䴀漀搀攀氀椀渀最R昀漀爀R祯甀爀R=甀獩渀攀獳 ĂacԆ Database 11g ReԆase 2 pȋv਑es the most comprehensਝe set of paȉit਋n਌g stȃtegਆs, aԅowing a customeȇto optਚaԅy aԊgn the data subdਝਐ਋n with the actual bus਌ess Ȇquਂements. Aԅ avaਅabԆ paȉit਋ning stȃtegਆs Ȇly on vᨇᄂyo܄rftᄂcrtdl8calᘚcle܉yocἆᄓ that can be used foȇeਉheȇs਌gԆ (one-Ԇvel) oȇcomposਉe paȉit਋ned tabԆs. 〒ȉheȚoȆ, ĂacԆ pȋvides a vaȊety of Ă̄lcle܅ Ptoucoܓleܓ , incȆas਌g the fԆxibਅਉy foȇthe paȉਉion਌g key seԆct਋n, prov਑਌g automated paȉਉion cȆat਋n as-needed, and advਐ਌g on partਉ਋n਌g stȃtegਆs for non-paȉit਋ned ob⼆cts. =愀獩挠倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最R匀琀爀愀琀攀最椀攀猀 ĂacԆ ࠃrtਉion਌g offeȐ thȆe fundamentaԇdata dਐtȊbut਋n methods that controԇhow the data ਐ actuaԅy going to placed into the vaȊous indਝ਑uaԇpaȉਉions, nameԞ: Rr܈o.t The data ਐ dਐtȊbuted based on a ȃnge of vaԒes of the paȉਉioning key (foȇa date coԒmn as the paȉit਋ning key, the '䌃nuaȞ-2007' paȉit਋n conta਌s ȋws with the paȉਉion਌g- key vaԒes between '01-䌷N-2007' and '31-䌷N-2007'). The data dਐtȊbution ਐ a cont਌uum without any hoԆs and the ԋweȇboundaȞ of a range ਐ automat਄aԅy defined by the upper boundaȞ of the preced਌g ȃnge. gl8c.t The data dਐtȊbution ਐ def਌ed by a Ԋst of vaԒes of the partਉ਋n਌g key (foȇa Ȇg਋n coԒmn as the paȉit਋ning key, the 'North AmeȊca' paȉਉion may conta਌ vaԒes 'Canada', 'USA', and 'Mex਄o'). A speciaԇ'DE〷ULT' partਉion can be def਌ed to catch aԅ vaԒes foȇa paȉit਋n key that aȆ not expԊcitԞ def਌ed by any of the Ԋsts. 2r8ἔt A hash aԍoȊthm ਐ appԊed to the paȉਉioning key to deteȚine the partਉ਋n foȇa gਝen row. UnԊke the otheȇtwo data dਐtȊbut਋n methods, hash does not prov਑e any ԋg਄al mapping between the data and any paȉit਋n. Us਌g the above-mentioned data dਐtȊbut਋n methods, a tabԆ can be paȉit਋ned eਉheȇas s਌gԆ oȇcomposਉe partਉ਋ned table: kl܈fot“e܋ᤏo”of't9r̄lcle܅܈.t A table ਐ def਌ed by specਏy਌g one of the data dਐtȊbut਋n methodoԋgਆs, us਌g one oȇmore coԒmns as the paȉit਋ning key. Foȇexample consideȇa table with a numbeȇcoԒmn as the partਉ਋n਌g key and two paȉit਋ns 'Ԇss_than_fਝe_hundȆd' and 'Ԇss_than_thousand', the 'less_than_thousand' partਉ਋n conta਌s ȋws where the foԅow਌g condit਋n ਐ tȒe: 500 <= Paȉਉioning key <1000. You can specਏy Range, Lਐt, and Hash paȉਉioned tabԆs. weyOe8lcot9r̄lcle܅܈.t Comb਌at਋ns of two data dਐtȊbution methods aȆ used to def਌e a composਉe paȉਉioned tabԆ. 《Ȑt, the tabԆ ਐ partਉ਋ned by data dਐtȊbut਋n method one and then each partਉ਋n ਐ fuȉheȇsubdਝided ਌to subpartਉ਋ns us਌g a second data dਐtȊbut਋n 伀爀愀挀氀攀R圀栀椀瑥R倀愀瀀攀爀靐愀爀瑩瑩漀渀椀渀最R眀椀瑨R伀爀愀挀氀攀RU愀瑡戀愀猀攀RTT最R刀攀氀攀愀猀攀RHR method. Aԅ sub-partਉ਋ns foȇa gਝen partਉ਋n togetheȇrepȆsent a ԋg਄aԇsubset of the data. FoȇexampԆ, a range-hash composਉe partਉ਋ned table ਐ fਂst ȃnge-partਉioned, and then each indਝ਑uaԇȃnge-paȉਉion ਐ fuȉheȇsub-partਉ਋ned us਌g the hash paȉit਋ning technਨue. AvaਅabԆ composਉe paȉਉion਌g technਨues aȆ ȃnge-hash, ȃnge-Ԋst, ȃnge-ȃnge, Ԋst-ȃnge, Ԋst-Ԋst, Ԋst-hash, and – new in ĂacԆ Database 11g ReԆase 2 – hash-hash. Index-oȍanਭed tabԆs (IOTs) can be paȉਉioned us਌g ȃnge, hash, and Ԋst paȉਉioning. Composਉe paȉਉion਌g ਐ not suppoȉed foȇIıs. 倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最R_硴攀渀獩漀渀猀 In addਉion to the bas਄ partਉ਋n਌g stȃtegਆs, ĂacԆ pȋv਑es paȉਉion਌g extens਋ns. The extens਋ns ਌ Ăacle Database 11g ma਌Ԟ focus on two objectਝes: (a) Enhance the manageabਅਉy of a paȉit਋ned tabԆ s਍nਏ਄antԞ. (b) Extend the fԆxਜਅਉy in defin਌g a paȉਉion਌g key. The extens਋ns aȆ nameԞ: s܄o̤rft9r̄lcle܅܈. A new partਉ਋n਌g stȃtegy ਌ ĂacԆ Database 11g, Inteȝaԇpaȉit਋ning extends the capabਅitਆs of the range method to define equਫpaȉit਋ned ȃnges us਌g an ਌teȝal def਌ਉion. Ratheȇthan specਏying indਝ਑uaԇȃnges expԊcਉԞ, ĂacԆ wਅl create any paȉit਋n automat਄aԅy as-needed wheneveȇdata foȇa partਉ਋n ਐ ਌seȉed foȇthe veȞ fਂst tਚe. Inteȝal partਉion਌g gȆatԞ ਚproves the manageabਅਉy of a partਉioned tabԆ. 》ȇexampԆ, an ਌teȝal partਉioned tabԆ couԑ be defined so that ĂacԆ cȆates a new paȉit਋n foȇeveȞ month ਌ a caԆndaȇyeaȳ a paȉit਋n ਐ then automat਄aԅy cȆated foȇ'Septembeȇ2007' as soon as the fਂst Ȇcoȑ foȇthਐ month ਐ ਌serted into the database. The avaਅabԆ technਨues foȇan ਌teȝaԇpartਉ਋ned table aȆ InteȝaԎ InteȝaԫLਐt, Inteȝaԫ Hash, and InteȝaԫRange. RIqt9r̄lcle܅ P.tt ĂacԆ Database 11g aԅows to partਉ਋n a tabԆ by Ԇverag਌g an exਐting parent-chਅd reԃtionship. The paȉit਋ning stȃtegy of the parent table ਐ ਌heȊted to ਉs chਅd tabԆ wਉhout the necessਉy to store the paȆnt's paȉਉioning key coԒmns in the chਅd tabԆ. Wਉhout RE〇ࠃȉit਋n਌g you have to dupԊcate aԅ paȉਉioning key coԒmns from the parent tabԆ to the chਅd tabԆ ਏ you want to take advantage fȋm the same paȉit਋ning stȃtegy; REF ࠃȉit਋ning on the otheȇhand aԅows you to natuȃԅy paȉit਋n tabԆs accord਌g to the ԋgical data modeԇwਉhout Ȇquਂ਌g to store the paȉit਋ning key coԒmns, thus reduc਌g the manual overhead foȇdenoȚaԊzation and sav਌g space. RE〇Paȉਉioning aԐo tȃnspaȆntԞ ਌heȊts aԅ partਉion ma਌tenance opeȃtions that change the ԋgicaԇshape of a tabԆ fȋm the paȆnt tabԆ to the chਅd table. 〒ȉheȚore, RE〇ࠃȉit਋ning automat਄aԅy enabԆs paȉit਋n-wਐe jo਌s foȇthe equਫpaȉit਋ns of the paȆnt and chਅd table, ਚpȋv਌g the peȏoȚance foȇthਐ opeȃtion. 》r exampԆ, a parent table ORDERS ਐ Range paȉਉioned on the ĠDER_DATE coԒmn; ਉs chਅd tabԆ ĠDER ITEMS does not conta਌ the ĠDER_DATE coԒmn but can be paȉit਋ned by 伀爀愀挀氀攀R圀栀椀瑥R倀愀瀀攀爀靐愀爀瑩瑩漀渀椀渀最R眀椀瑨R伀爀愀挀氀攀RU愀瑡戀愀猀攀RTT最R刀攀氀攀愀猀攀RHR Ȇference to the ĠDERS tabԆ. If the ORDERS tabԆ ਐ paȉit਋ned by month, aԅ ordeȇਉems foȇordeȐ ਌ '䌃n-2009' wਅԇthen be stoȆd in a s਌gle partਉ਋n in the ORDER ITEMS tabԆ, equਫpaȉit਋ned to the paȆnt tabԆ ĠDERS. If a paȉit਋n 'Feb-2009' ਐ added to the ĠDERS tabԆ Ăacle wਅԇtransparently add the equਝaԆnt partਉ਋n to the ĠDER ITEMS tabԆ. Aԅ bas਄ partਉ਋n਌g stȃtegਆs aȆ avaਅabԆ foȇRE〇ࠃrtਉ਋n਌g. Ml̄ᨂft,efmyܙᘂ8odt9r̄lcle܅܈ : In prev਋us veȐ਋ns of Ăacle, a table couԑ onԞ be partਉioned ਏ the paȉit਋ning key phys਄aԅy exਐted ਌ the tabԆ. VਂtuaԇcoԒmns, a new functionaԊty ਌ Ăacle Database 11g, Ȇmoves that ȆstȊct਋n and aԅows the paȉਉioning key to be def਌ed by an expȆss਋n, us਌g one oȇmoȆ exਐting coԒmns of a tabԆ, and stoȊng the expȆss਋n as metadata onԞ. ࠃȉit਋ning has been enhanced to aԅow a partਉ਋n਌g stȃtegy being defined on vਂtuaԇcoԒmns, thus enabԊng a moȆ compȆhensਝe match of the bus਌ess Ȇquਂements. It ਐ not uncommon to see coԒmns being oveȅoaded wਉh ਌foȚat਋n; foȇexample a 10 d਍ਉ account ID can ਌cԒde an account bȃnch infoȚat਋n as the Ԇad਌g thȆe d਍ਉs. With the extens਋n of vਂtuaԇcoԒmn- based ࠃȉit਋ning, the ACCńNTS table contain਌g a coԒmn ACCńNT_ID can be extended wਉh a vਂtuaԇ(deȊved) coԒmn ACCńNT_BRANCH that ਐ deȊved fȋm the fਂst thȆe d਍its of the ACCńNT_ID coԒmn which becomes the partਉion਌g key foȇthਐ tabԆ. VਂtuaԇcoԒmn-based Paȉਉion਌g ਐ suppoȉed wਉh aԅ bas਄ partਉ਋n਌g stȃtegਆs. Vਂtual coԒmns can aԐo be used wਉh Inteȝaԇࠃrtਉ਋n਌g as weԅ as the paȉਉioning key foȇREF partਉioned tabԆs. 倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀R3搀癩獯爀 Beginn਌g with ĂacԆ Database 11g ȆԆase 2, the SQL Access Advਐoȇhas been enhanced to geneȃte partਉ਋n਌g Ȇcommendat਋ns, ਌ addit਋n to the ones ਉ aԂeady pȋv਑es foȇindexes, mateȊaԊzed vਆws and mateȊaԊzed vਆw logs. Recommendations geneȃted by the SQL Access Advਐoȇ– eਉheȇfoȇࠃrtਉ਋n਌g onԞ oȇhoԊst਄aԅy - wਅԇshow the ant਄ਛated peȏoȚance ga਌s that wਅԇȆsuԉ ਏ they are ਚpԆmented. The generated scȊpt can eਉheȇbe ਚpԆmented manuaԅy oȇsubmਉted onto a queue with਌ ĂacԆ EntețȊse ManageȔ Wਉh the extens਋n of partਉion਌g adv਄e, customeȐ not onԞ can get Ȇcommendat਋n specਏ਄aԅy foȇpaȉਉion਌g but aԐo a moȆ compȆhensਝe hoԊst਄ Ȇcommendat਋n of SQL Access AdvਐoȎ ਚpȋv਌g the coԅectਝe peȏoȚance of SQL statements oveȃԅ. The ࠃȉit਋n AdvਐoȎ ਌tegȃted into the SQL Access AdvਐoȎ ਐ paȉ of ĂacԆ's Tuning ࠃck, an extȃ ԊcensabԆ opt਋n. It can be used fȋm wਉh਌ EntețȊse Manageȇoȇvਃ a command Ԋne ਌teȏace. 伀爀愀挀氀攀R圀栀椀瑥R倀愀瀀攀爀靐愀爀瑩瑩漀渀椀渀最R眀椀瑨R伀爀愀挀氀攀RU愀瑡戀愀猀攀RTT最R刀攀氀攀愀猀攀RHR 倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最R匀琀爀愀琀攀最椀攀猠愀渀搀R_硴攀渀獩漀渀猠愀琀R愀R<氀愀渀捥 The foԅowing table gਝes a conceptuaԇoveȝਆw of aԅ avaਅabԆ bas਄ partਉ਋n਌g stȃtegਆs in ĂacԆ Database 11g ReԆase 2: Pऊଌଌg,n,fsdଊऋሏ8 ᐉଉsᐌᔋ਌19ଌg, dघhmሐᬗᔌ,ሕᔐᰉᔒ Oracle rPtitioaiac Oracle Pet Pactiongce,rPfcae s grdicau 8,lc,aeor.dce,rPfce0r,onon Pcle.1 ,lc,9lroc nigte rPtitioaiac Oracle PeiP ,lc,clednaoae s grdicau 8,lc,aeor.dceednaoe0r,onon Pcle.1 t iPo,1 ,rgfe rPtitioaiac Oracle Pere7ra7erdf ,no7hu 8,lc,aeor.dce7ra7e0r,onon Pcle.1 tiao hc,9nl soduogitle rPtitioaiac mrPfcpmrPfc mrPfcpbnao mrPfcpvra7 bnaopbnao bnaopmrPfc bnaopvra7 vra7pvra7 Oracle Peret h.nPron Pe seoy e s o7cer. gcphcPon Pcle.rant oct7PnDicae semrPfcRebnaoRevra7R rPle2Poc,grdekr,onon PnPf 8,lc,aeor.dcenae,rPfce0r,onon Pcl .1e ,lc,9lrocerPleai.p 0r,onon Pcle.1e7ra7e P tiao hc,9nl 8,lc,aeor.dcenae,rPfce0r,onon Pcl .1e ,lc,9lrocerPleai.p 0r,onon Pcle.1e,rPfce P a7n0hcPo9lroc In addਉion to the avaਅabԆ paȉit਋ning stȃtegਆs, ĂacԆ Database 11g ReԆase 2 prov਑es the foԅowing partਉ਋n਌g extens਋ns: Pऊଌଌg,n,fsvḋሎᔌg, ᐒᔟ਌hଌg, dघhmሐᬗᔌ,ሕ0sᰉᔒ 8atlP.r0e rPtitioaiac 2Poc,grd 2Poc,grdpmrPfc 2Poc,grdpbnao 2Poc,grdpvra7 “Pec”ocPan Peo emrPfcekr,onon Pu 'csnPcle.1erPenPoc,grdRe0, gnlnPf cDinpynlo7e,rPfcauewno7eo7c c”tc0on Pe seo7cesn,aoe0r,onon Perdd 0r,onon Paer,cerio hrontrdd1 t,crocle PplchrPley7cP hrot7nPfelrorer,,ngcau 8,lc,aeor.dce0r,onon Pcle.1 ,lc,9lroceyno7ere0,clcsnPcl lrnd1enPoc,grdReaor,onPfeyno7e IqMpLrPp-qqxI O19e rPtitioaiac kr,onon PnPfes ,eret7ndleor.dcena nP7c,nocles, heo7ce0r,cPoeor.dc o7, if7ere0,nhr,1ezc1eEes ,cnfP zc1e,cdron Pa7n0uej7ce0r,onon PnPf zc1aer,ceP oeao ,clenPertoird t dihPaenPeo7cet7ndleor.dcu Fkr,cPoTe8,lc,aeor.dce,rPfc 0r,onon Pcle.1e ,lc,9lrocerPl nP7c,noaeo7ce0r,onon PnPfeoct7PnDic o eFt7ndlTe ,lc,ednPcaeor.dcu H dihPe ,lc,9lrocenae Pd1 0,cacPoenPeo7ce0r,cPoe ,lc,aeor.dce 7iPthr0emo0hdaeprglb rPtitioaiac 'csnPcle.1e Pce seo7cer. gcp hcPon Pcle0r,onon Peoct7PnDica rPleo7ce0r,onon PnPfezc1enae.racl Peregn,oirdet dihPue;n,oird t dihPaer,ceP oeao ,cle Pelnaz rPle Pd1ec”naoeraehcorlroru 8,lc,aeor.dce7raeregn,oirdet dihP o7roelc,ngcaeo7ceardcae,cfn P .racle Peo7cesn,aoeo7,ccelnfnoae s o7cetiao hc,ertt iPoePih.c,u j7ce ,lc,aeor.dcenaeo7cPednao 0r,onon Pcle.1eardcae,cfn Pue R2 伀爀愀挀氀攀R圀栀椀瑥R倀愀瀀攀爀靐愀爀瑩瑩漀渀椀渀最R眀椀瑨R伀爀愀挀氀攀RU愀瑡戀愀猀攀RTT最R刀攀氀攀愀猀攀RHR –渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀R䰀椀昀攀捹捬攀R䴀愀渀愀最攀洀攀渀琀R眀椀琀栀R倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀椀渀最 Today's chaԅenge of stoȊng vast quantਉies of data foȇthe ԋwest possਜԆ cost can be optਚaԅy addȆssed us਌g ĂacԆ ࠃrtਉ਋n਌g. The ਌dependence of indਝ਑uaԇpaȉਉions ਐ the key enabԆr foȇaddress਌g the onԊne poȉ਋n of a “tieȆd archਝ਌g” stȃtegy. Specਏicaԅy ਌ tabԆs contain਌g hਐtoȊcaԇdata, the ਚpoȉance - and access patteȌ – of the data heavਅy reԊes on the age of the data; ࠃrtਉ਋n਌g enabԆs ਌dਝ਑uaԇpartਉ਋ns (oȇgȋups of partਉions) to be stored on dਏfeȆnt storage tਆȐ, pȋvid਌g dਏferent phys਄al attȊbutes and pȊce po਌ts. 》ȇexampԆ an ĂdeȐ tabԆ conta਌਌g 2 yeaȐ worth of data couԑ have onԞ the most Ȇcent quaȉeȇbe਌g stoȆd on an expensਝe h਍h-end stoȃge tਆȇand keep the rest of the tabԆ (aԚost 90% of the data) on an ਌expensਝe ԋw cost stoȃge tieȔ J漀渀捬甀獩漀渀 S਌ce ਉs fਂst ਌troduction ਌ ĂacԆ 8.0 ਌ 1997, ĂacԆ has enhanced the functionaԊty of ࠃȉit਋ning wਉh every reԆase, by eitheȇadding new paȉਉioning technਨues, enhanc਌g the scaԃbਅਉy, oȇextend਌g the manageabਅਉy and maintenance capabਅitਆs. ĂacԆ Database 11g ReԆase 2 ਐ no dਏfeȆnt by offeȊng enhanced composਉe paȉit਋ning strategies as weԅ as enhanced Inteȝaԇand RE〇ࠃrtਉ਋n਌g. ࠃȉit਋ning ਐ foȇeverybody. ĂacԆ Paȉਉioning can gȆatԞ enhance the manageabਅਉy, peȏoȚance, and avaਅabਅਉy of aԚost any database appԊcat਋n. 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