Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians by Dennis M Mccurnin 4 th edition Saunders Accurate clinical pathology data is invaluable in the diagnosis of diseases in all species Repetition of the data tests provides a means of monitoring and evaluating the success of chosen treatmen ID: 249662
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CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians by Dennis M.
Mccurnin
4
th
edition SaundersSlide2
Accurate clinical pathology data is invaluable in the diagnosis of diseases in all species.
Repetition of the data (tests) provides a means of monitoring and evaluating the success of chosen treatments. The most commonly used clinical laboratory procedures in veterinary practices are
hematology urinalysis clinical chemistry cytology Slide3
Hematology
Hem(e) = bloodOlogy = study of Hematology = study of blood
CBC = complete blood count Provides the veterinarian with the following information * PCV (packed cell volume)
* WBC count (leukocytes) * RBC count (erythrocytes) * hemoglobin
* RBC indices
* total plasma protein
* evaluation of the blood smear for RBC morphology and WBC differential Slide4
Hematological procedures are performed on anticoagulated
whole blood. The preferred anticoagulant is EDTA and is commercially available in “purple top” tubes. Equipment:
microscope microhematocrit centrifuge (to determine PCV)
refractometer (determine the plasma protein and urine specific gravity)
hemacytometer
(counting chamber)Slide5
Erythrocytes
PCV = percentage of total blood volume accounted for by RBCs * hematocrit
RBC indicies = calculations provided when automated analyzers are used.
MCV = mean corpuscular volume MCH = mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCHC = mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
* Could be used to help evaluate and determine causes of anemia. Slide6
The erythrocytes of most mammals are disc shaped and anuclear
.They appear flat with an area in the center of the cell with less hemoglobin. The RBCs of animals differ in size.
From largest to smallest: dog horse cow
cat sheep goat
*
Anisocytosis
= RBCs that vary in size (cows more than other species)Slide7
Poikilocytosis
= term used to indicate changes in RBC shape
Leptocytes
= RBCs with an increased surface area that makes them highly deformable. (Target Cells)Slide8
Acanthocytes = RBCs with a membrane abnormality that causes the cells to develop multiple, irregularly spaced club shaped projections.
Crenated
cells = cells which have numerous rounded, evenly spaced projections
Schisotcytes
= fragmented RBCs
Spherocytes
= RBCs that appear smaller than normal and show no central pallorSlide9
Schisotcytes
= fragmented RBCs
Spherocytes
= RBCs that appear smaller than normal
RBCs and exhibit no central pallorSlide10
* Metarubricyte
(NRBC) = immature nucelated RBCs
Polychromasia = term used to describe a variation in the color of RBCs. Slide11
Polychromatophilic = bluish in color when stained
Hypochromic
RBCs = have an increased area of central pallor with a narrow, peripheral rim of hemoglobin within the cell. Slide12
* Rouleaux
– groupings of RBCs that resemble stacked coins (it is important to establish this from true agglutination)
Possible Parasites in RBCs: * Haemobartonella
felis – the parasite responsible for the feline infectious anemia.Slide13
Babesia
spp. – various species that can infect any domestic animal
Other Morphological Abnormalities
Howell-
Jolley
bodies – small, often singular, deeply basophilic nuclear remnants that are occasionally seen on normal blood films - can be seen with regenerative
anemias
. Slide14
Basophilic stippling: is due to staining of small amounts of
cytoplasmic RNA in RBCs. They can be found in markedly regenerative anemia in dogs and cats but most commonly in cattle
Heinz bodies: denatured hemoglobin that has fused to the RBC
membrande
and appear as
refractile
projections from the RBC cell membrane.