Unit I Importance and History of Plant Pathology - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Unit I

Importance and History of Plant Pathology

Introduction to Plant Pathology

Importance of plant diseases

Scope and objectives of Plant Pathology

Causes of plant diseases

Important plant pathogens

History of Plant Pathology with special reference to Indian work

Basic terms and concepts in Plant Pathology

Classification of plant diseases

Slide2

HISTORY OF PLANT PATHOLOGY

Slide3

The history of plant pathology is divided into different five eras:

1

.

Ancient

era

: Ancient to

5th

Century (476 A.D) 

2

.

Dark

era

:

5th

to

16th

Century (476 A.D. to 1600)

3

.

Pre-modern

era

:

17th

Century to 1853 (1600 to 1853) 

4

.

Modern

era

: 1853 to 1906

5.

Present era

: 1906 onwards

Slide4

Ancient era: Ancient to

5th

Century (476 A.D)

Diseases in plant have been known since ancient times.

Rust, blight, mildews, smuts, were familiar to Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, Chinese and Indians.

Plant disease was recorded in

Vedas

(

Rig Veda

and

Atharva

Veda

)

as

early as

1200 B.C.

Symptoms and control of disease have been mentioned in “

VRIKSHAYURVED

” by

Surapal

in ancient India.

Even mention of plant disease has been made in

Buddhist

literature of 500 B.C.

Slide5

The Greek Philosopher,

Theophrastus

(370-286 B.C.) was the

first to study and write about the diseases

of trees, cereals and legumes.

Book

'Enquiry into plants'

Theophrastus recorded his observations, imaginations and experiences but they were

not based on any experiments

.

Slide6

Theophrastus (

300 B.C

),

a great

botanist,

noted

occurrence

of crop disease and

suggested some remedies to control

them. He also wrote about plant disease in this era

.

Lord Pliny (100 A.D)

described

plant diseases and suggested some remedies. He believed that disease originates from the plants or from the environment.

Slide7

Dark Era (476 A.D to 1600):

Plant pathology made very little progress during this era some Arabians like

Ibnal

-Awan

described

symptoms and control measures

for some plant disease.

1440:

Printing

was introduced in

Europe

and this reflected interest in learning science.

Slide8

Mycology

1675

- Dutch worker

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

developed the

first microscope.

1729

- Italian botanist

Pier

Antonio

Micheli

proposed fungi comes from spores;

Father and Founder of Mycology

.

1845

-

Irish Potato famine

due to

Phytophthora

infestans

caused starvation of million and immigration of 1.5 million people.

Slide9

1861

–

Heinrich

Anton

de

Bary

(Germany) worked out the life cycle of potato late blight and first to prove experimentally

Phytophthora

infestans

is the cause of potato late blight.

He

is the

Father of

Plant Pathology (Modern and Experimental)

.

1918

-

Edwin John Butler

published

book

on

Fungi and Disease in Plants

; he made

exhaustive study on Indian fungi

and the diseases caused by them.

Father of Modern Plant Pathology and Mycology in India.

Slide10

1931-

J

. C.

Luthra

:

solar

heat treatment

for loose smut of wheat

.

1942

–

Great Bengal Famine

due to

Helminthosporium

oryzae

caused death of 2 million people in India

.

1955

:

Harold

Henry Flor

gave

Gene

for gene

hypothesis

.

1966

-

Van

Schmeling

and

Marshall

Kulka

were the first to find out

systemic fungicides

(

oxathiin

compounds –

carboxin

and

oxycarboxin

).

Slide11

QUIZ TIME

Slide12

Dark era was during………………..:

Ancient

to

5th Century (476 A.D)

5th

to

16th

Century (476 A.D. to

1600)

17th

Century to 1853 (1600 to 1853) 

1853

to

1906

Slide13

2

. Pre-modern

era was

during………………..:

Ancient

to

5th Century (476 A.D)

5th

to

16th

Century (476 A.D. to

1600)

17th

Century to 1853 (1600 to 1853) 

1853

to

1906

Slide14

3

. About disease, it was mentioned in

……….:

Rig Veda

Sama

Veda

Yajur

Veda

None of these

Slide15

4. Who wrote “

Vrikshayurveda

” ?

Theophrastus

Surapal

Lord Pliny

Ibnal

-Awan

Slide16

5

.

Who wrote 'Enquiry into plants'

?

Theophrastus

Surapal

Lord Pliny

Ibnal

-Awan

Slide17

6. Printing was started first time in…. ?

1439

1440

1441

1442

Slide18

Plant Bacteriology

1683

–

Anton

van

Leeuwenhoek

first observed

bacteria

.

1876

-

Louis

Pasteur

and

Robert Koch

- proved that

anthrax disease of cattle

was caused by specific

bacterium

.

1876

-

Robert

Koch

of Germany described the theory called "

Koch's postulates

.

" He established the principles of pure culture

technique.

Slide19

1882

-

Thomas Jonathan Burrill

, an American Plant Pathologist, first time proved that

fire blight of apple and pear

caused by a bacterium (known as

Erwinia

amylovora

).

1952

–

Selman

Abraham Waksman

won

Nobel prize

for the discovery of

streptomycin

.

Slide20

Virology

1886

-

Adolf

Mayer

described a

disease of tobacco

called as

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

disease.

1898

-

Martinus

Willem

Beijerinck

,

a

Dutch microbiologist and

founder of virology

proved that the virus inciting tobacco mosaic is not a microorganism. He believed it to be

contagium

vivum

fluidum

(infectious living fluid). He was the first to use the term

virus

, which is the Latin word for poison

.

Slide21

1935

-

Wendell Meredith Stanley

proved that

viruses can be made as crystals

. He got

Nobel Prize in 1946

. 

1936 -

Frederick Charles

Bawden

and Norman Wingate

Pirie:

Nucleoprotenous

nature of virus.

1967

-

Doi

et al.

:

Discovered

Mycoplasma like organism (MLO)

responsible for yells type of disease

.

Slide22

Who discovered microscope first ?

Pier Antonio

Micheli

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

J. C.

Luthra

 

Harold Henry Flor

Slide23

2

. Irish

famine was reported in …………..?

1842

1845

1847

1849

Slide24

3

. Great Bengal famine was reported in …………..?

1941

1943

1945

1947

Slide25

4. Who wrote ‘Fungi

and Disease in

Plants’ ?

Heinrich Anton de

Bary

Edwin John Butler

Harold Henry Flor

J. C.

Luthra

Slide26

5

. Who discovered ‘solar

heat

treatment’

?

Heinrich Anton de

Bary

Edwin John Butler

Harold Henry Flor

J. C.

Luthra

Slide27

6. ‘Solar

heat

treatment’ is for …………..?

Loose

smut of wheat

White rust of mustard

Black rust of wheat

Bunt of wheat

Slide28

7. Who

gave ‘Gene for gene hypothesis’ ?

Heinrich Anton de

Bary

Edwin John Butler

Harold Henry Flor

J. C.

Luthra

Slide29

8. Who observed bacteria first ?

Louis Pasteur

Anton

von Leeuwenhoek

Robert Koch  

E. F. Smith

Slide30

9

. First bacterial disease reported was ……?

A

nthrax

disease of cattle

Fire

blight of apple and pear

Bacterial Leaf Blight of rice (BLB)

Southern corn leaf blight

Slide31

10.

Anthrax disease of cattle

was

reported in ……?

1874

1875

1876

1877

Slide32

11

. First plant bacterial disease reported was……?

A

nthrax

disease of cattle

Fire

blight of apple and pear

Bacterial Leaf Blight of rice (BLB)

Southern corn leaf blight

Slide33

12

. First plant bacterial disease was reported by……?

Louis Pasteur

Thomas

Jonathan Burrill

 

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

Selman

Abraham Waksman

Slide34

13

. Who discovered streptomycin ?

Alexander Fleming

Thomas

Jonathan Burrill  

Anton

von Leeuwenhoek

Selman

Abraham Waksman

Slide35

HISTORY OF PLANT PATHOLOGY IN INDIA

During

1850-1875

,

D

. D

. Cunningham

and

A. Barclay

started

identification of 

fungi

 in India

itself. Cunningham made a special study of rusts and smuts.

K

. R

.

Kirtikar

was the

first Indian scientist

who

collected and identified the 

fungi

 in the country.

E

. J

.

Bulter

who is also known as the ‘

Father of Plant Pathology

’ in India, initiated an exhaustive study of 

fungi

 and diseases caused by them in

1901

at

Imperial Agricultural Research Institute at

Pusa

(Bihar).

Slide36

J

. F.

Dastur

(

1886-1971

), a colleague of Butler, was the first Indian Plant Pathologist who is credited with a

detailed studies of 

fungi

 and diseases in plants.

Dr. K

. C

. Mehta

of Agra College, Agra investigated the

life cycle of cereal rusts in India

during the first half of

20th century

.

B

. B

.

Mundkur

started work on

control of cotton wilt through varietal resistance.

He was also responsible for the identification and classification of large number of

Indian smut fungi

.

Slide37

Who is ‘Founder of Virology’ ?

Adolf Mayer

Martinus

Willem

Beijerinck

Harold

Henry Flor

Wendell

Meredith

Stanley

Slide38

2. Who

gave ‘

contagium

vivum

fluidum

’ term ?

Frederick Charles

Bawden

Martinus

Willem

Beijerinck

Norman Wingate

Pirie

Wendell

Meredith Stanley

Slide39

3

. Who

proved ‘

viruses can be made as crystals

’ ?

Norman Wingate Pirie

Frederick

Charles

Bawden

Wendell Meredith Stanley

Martinus

Willem

Beijerinck

Slide40

4

. Who

discovered ‘

Nucleoprotenous

nature of virus

’ ?

Frederick

Charles

Bawden

Wendell Meredith Stanley

Norman

Wingate Pirie

Both A and C

Slide41

5

. Who

discovered ‘

MLOs

’ ?

Bawden

and Pirie

Stanley

et al.

Doi

et al.

None of these

Slide42

6

. Father

of rust

in India

?

E. J.

Bulter

K. C. Mehta

B. B.

Mundkur

J. F.

Dastur

Slide43

Romans created two Gods for dreaded Rust –

“

Robigo

and

Robigus

”.

On 25th April –

Robigalia

- a special holiday