MOTIVATION HUNGERBRAIN REGULATION Hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus LH triggers when to start eating Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus VMH triggers when to stop Paraventricular nucleus PVN uses neurotransmitters to regulate hunger ID: 571178
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Slide1
DEF: goal-directed behavior
MOTIVATIONSlide2
HUNGER---BRAIN REGULATION
Hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus (LH) triggers when to start eating
Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) triggers when to stopParaventricular nucleus (PVN) uses neurotransmitters to regulate hungerSlide3
GLUCOSE REGULATION
Glucose
is a simple sugar; an important source of energy
Glucostatic theory
: fluctuations in blood glucose level are monitored by glucostats: neurons sensitive to glucose in the surrounding fluid
Glucostats in the liver signal hypothalamus through the vagus nerveSlide4
DIGESTIVE REGULATION
The stomach has 2 types of signal to inhibit further eating:
1) vagus nerve monitors stretching of stomach wall
2) other nerves monitor nutrients in the contents of the stomachSlide5
HORMONAL REGULATION
Insulin
: secreted by the pancreas; must be present for cells to extract glucose from the blood
Leptin
: produced by fat cells; provide hypothalamus w/info about body’s fat storesSlide6
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN REGULATION OF HUNGER
Learned preferences and habits
Food related cues
Stress, arousalSlide7
EATING AND WEIGHT: ROOTS OF OBESITY
Obesity
: the condition of being overweight (exceeding ideal weight by 20%)
Health risks: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, arthritis, and back problemsSlide8
GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO OBESITY
Adoption studies
Body mass index (BMI)
: weight (kg) divided by height (m) squaredkg/m2
Genetic factors account for 61% of variation in weight for men and 73% for womenSlide9
CONCEPT OF A SET POINT
Set point
: natural point of stability in body weight
Set point theory
: body monitors fat-cell levels to keep them fairly stableSlide10
Sexual motivation and behavior
SEXSlide11
HORMONAL REGULATION
Estrogens
: principal gonadal hormones in females
Androgens: principal gonadal hormones in malesIncreased levels of testosterone correlate w/higher rates of sexual activitySlide12
PHEROMONES
DEF: a chemical secreted by one animal that affects the behavior of another
Aphrodisiacs
: substances thought to increase sexual desire
There is no “Spanish Fly”Slide13
EROTIC MATERIALS
Pornography does not appear to incite overpowering sexual urges
May alter attitudes toward sexual behavior
May create unrealistic expectationsSlide14
ATTRACTION TO A PARTNER
Coolidge Effect
: the preference for variety in sexual partners seen in males of many species
Most species are selectiveSlide15
EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSES OF HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
Parental investment theory
: the sex that makes the smaller investment will compete for mating opportunities with the sex that makes the larger investment, and the sex with the larger investment will tend to be more discriminating in selecting its partnersSlide16
EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSES
Human males are
required
to invest little
Females invest 9 monthsTherefore females are selective with matesSlide17
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PATTERNS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
Men think about sex more often
Men more motivated to have sex w/a variety
Men more likely to have sex w/someone they have known for a short period of timeSlide18
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MATE PREFERENCES
Males place more emphasis on youthfulness and attractiveness
Females place more emphasis on intelligence, ambition, income, and social statusSlide19
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RELATIONSHIP JEALOUSY
Males of many species worry about
paternity uncertainty
Males will guard the female from other malesSexual infidelity
is threateningMale emotional infidelity is threatening to femalesSlide20
MYSTERY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION
DEF: a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both
Heterosexual
Homosexual
BisexualSlide21
SEXUAL ORIENTATION CONTINUED
Alfred Kinsey (1948, 1953) described sexuality as a continuum---heterosexuality on one end, homosexuality on the other
10% of the population could be characterized as homosexualSlide22
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORIES
Freudian: homosexuality stems from being raised by an ineffectual father and overprotective mother
Behaviorist: acquired through experience
Feminine boys and masculine girls tend to grow up homosexualSlide23
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
Research in the last 15 years has shown a biological basis for homosexuality
Possible brain structureSlide24
INTERACTIONIST VIEW AND SOCIOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS
Genes and hormones shape temperament that ultimately shapes sexual orientation
Interactions w/peers solidifies arousal for same sex
Gays are still discriminated againstSlide25
The birds and the bees
HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSESlide26
EXCITEMENT PHASE
Muscle tension, respiration rate, heart rate, and blood pressure increase rapidly
Vasocongestion
: engorgement of the blood vesselsSlide27
PLATEAU PHASE
Physiological arousal continues to grow, but at a slower pace
Further
vasocongestionSlide28
ORGASM PHASE
Orgasm
: when sexual arousal reaches its peak intensity and is discharged in a series of muscular contractions that pulsate through the pelvic area
There are gender differences but they are extremely similar in both sexesSlide29
RESOLUTION PHASE
Refractory period
: a time following orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further stimulation
From a few minutes to hours---increases w/age