Holly ShorneyDarby PE PhD Drinking Water How important is it Can you live without water Drinking Water How important is it Can you live without water Without food three weeks Without water one week ID: 643396
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Drinking Water Treatment
Holly Shorney-Darby, PE, PhDSlide2
Drinking Water – How important is it?Can you live without water?Slide3
Drinking Water – How important is it?Can you live without water?
Without food, three weeksWithout water, one week
65% of body is waterSlide4
Drinking Water – How important is it?Can you live without water?
Without food, three weeksWithout water, one weekWhat do we do with water?Drink (hydrate)CookCleanWash
Others?
65% of body is waterSlide5
Where do we get water?Slide6
Where do we get water?What is the biggest body of water?
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanwater.htmlSlide7
Where do we get water?What is the biggest body of water?
Earth’s WaterOceans make up 97 percent
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanwater.htmlSlide8
Where do we get water?What is the biggest body of water?
Earth’s WaterOceans make up 97 percentIce caps hold about 2 percent
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanwater.htmlSlide9
Where do we get water?What is the biggest body of water?
Earth’s WaterOceans make up 97 percentIce caps hold about 2 percent Less than 1 percent is fresh water
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanwater.htmlSlide10
Poetic words from a thirsty man in a boat on the ocean in 1797Slide11
“Water, water, everywhere,And all the boards did shrink;Water, water, everywhere,Nor any drop to drink.”
― Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Poetic words from a thirsty man
in a boat
on the ocean
in 1797Slide12
Seawater as a sourceRemoving salt from water is difficult and expensiveDistillation takes a lot of energy!
Only done in areas where fresh water is not availableWhere would desalination be used?Desert communitiesAlong a coastOn a islandSlide13
Fresh water sourcesSlide14
Fresh water sourcesRivers, lakes, streams, dammed reservoirsSlide15
Fresh water sourcesRivers, lakes, streams, dammed reservoirsGroundwater can also be fresh water
Pumped up to surfaceSlide16
Cities are always near fresh water
LondonSlide17
Cities are always near fresh water
London
ParisSlide18
Cities are always near fresh water
London
Paris
Kansas CitySlide19
Cities are always near fresh water
And when there is no more water nearby, we pump it to them
London
Paris
Kansas CitySlide20
San Francisco, CaliforniaSlide21
Water is not inherently cleanSlide22
ExperimentCanal waterFull of colour (organics)
Coagulation is used to capture colour in flocsFlocculation makes flocs big enough to settleSedimentation removes them from waterNeed to start experiment to show coagulation and flocculationSlide23
ExperimentCoagulant = ferric chlorideFeCl
3 + H2O---> Fe(OH)3 + Cl3
While coagulating and flocculating, colour sticks to the solids and is removed from the water
Solid, built up with mixing (flocculation)Slide24Slide25Slide26Slide27
Experimental set upThree jars tested with ferric chlorideAdd 1 mL, 2 mL, and 3 mL
One jar – brewed teaAdd 6 mL – (this is an experiment!! Might not work)Mixing is importantAbout one minute rapid mixing10 minutes at medium speed10 minutes at lower speed
10 minutes at lowest speedSettle for 10 or more minutesSlide28
Experimental Observations
Jar 1
Jar 2
Jar 3
Jar 4Slide29
Experimental Observations
Jar 1
Jar 2
Jar 3
Jar 4
Water
Canal
Canal
Canal
TeaSlide30
Experimental Observations
Jar 1
Jar 2
Jar 3
Jar 4
Water
Canal
Canal
Canal
Tea
FeCl3
1mL
2mL
3mL
6mLSlide31
Experimental Observations
Jar 1
Jar 2
Jar 3
Jar 4
Water
Canal
Canal
Canal
Tea
FeCl3
1mL
2mL
3mL
6mL
Observations
Visible floc?
Color floc?
Clarity after settlingSlide32
Should you drink fresh, untreated water?Slide33
NO!!Slide34
WHY?Slide35
Even clear water can contain things that will make you very sickSlide36Slide37
Bad things in that gulp of waterCryptosporidium
and GiardiaCausing cryptosporidiosis and giardiasisFrom mammals ‘ (including people!!) poo in waterSlide38
Amebiasis: caused by protozoa. Symptoms include fatigue, diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal discomfort and weight loss.Campylobacteriosis: caused by bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever.
Cholera: caused by bacteria. Symptoms include muscle cramps, vomiting and diarrhea.Cryptosporidiosis: caused by protozoa. Symptoms include diarrhea and abdominal discomfort.Giardiasis: caused by protozoa. Symptoms include diarrhea and abdominal discomfort.Hepatitis: caused by a virus. Symptoms include fever, chills, jaundice, dark urine and abdominal discomfort.
Shigellosis: caused by bacteria. Symptoms include bloody stool, diarrhea and fever.Typhoid fever: caused by bacteria. Symptoms include fever, headache, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and an abdominal rash.Viral gastroenteritis: caused by a virus. Symptoms include gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, vomiting, fever and headache.Slide39
Amebiasis: caused by protozoa. Symptoms include fatigue, diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal discomfort and weight loss.
Campylobacteriosis: caused by bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever.Cholera: caused by bacteria. Symptoms include muscle cramps, vomiting and
diarrhea.Cryptosporidiosis: caused by protozoa. Symptoms include diarrhea and abdominal discomfort.
Giardiasis: caused by protozoa. Symptoms include
diarrhea
and abdominal discomfort.
Hepatitis: caused by a virus. Symptoms include fever, chills, jaundice, dark urine and abdominal discomfort.
Shigellosis: caused by bacteria. Symptoms include bloody stool,
diarrhea
and fever.
Typhoid fever: caused by bacteria. Symptoms include fever, headache, constipation,
diarrhea
, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and an abdominal rash.
Viral gastroenteritis: caused by a virus. Symptoms include gastrointestinal discomfort,
diarrhea
, vomiting, fever and headache.Slide40
Waterborne illnessIn USA – average of 6 people a year die Slide41
Waterborne illnessIn USA – average of 6 people a year die
From the World Health Organization3.4 million people, mostly children, die annually from water-related diseasesSlide42
Waterborne illnessIn USA – average of 6 people a year die
From the World Health Organization3.4 million people, mostly children, die annually from water-related diseasesMany places, like India, South and Cental America, Mexico, and some nations in Africa have no ability to treat water, and these deaths occur
We are lucky in Europe, Australia, Russia, USA, Canada – to have the ability to treat water and live virtually waterborne illness free.Slide43
How to treat water for drinkingWe use barriers or treatment steps
The main step is disinfectionTypically chlorineWhere water is not clear, or has a weird taste or smell, other treatment is neededAlgae leave smells and tastes in waterLeaves and dirt leak organics into water (same happens when making a cup of tea)
Coagulation is usedParticles and some microbes removed by filtrationSlide44
Typical treatment steps
in developed areasSlide45
Typical treatment steps
in North HollandSlide46
Typical treatment steps
in poor communitySlide47
Typical treatment steps
in poor communitySlide48Slide49
Coagulation and flocculationSlide50Slide51Slide52
People working with waterEngineersConstruction
BiologyChemistryPublic HealthCity or Community PlannersMarketing and communicationsUniversitiesSlide53
Highly specialized fields...Slide54Slide55Slide56
My experienceEnjoyed math/scienceNearly fainted at blood drive – so medical career out
University (4 years) after S7Engineering departmentCivil engineering – water course as specialtyMasters degreeTwo years doing jar tests for different coagulants to remove iron from water (causes stains)Complete focus on water – chemistry, engineering, mixing, hydraulicsSlide57
My experienceJob at engineering companyHelping water companies comply with regulations
Worked all over the USAWon a research project with a universityPhD – 5.5 yearsCompletely specialilzed courses for water and public healthResearch is lab (more jar tests!) for colour removal and reaction with chlorine
Environmental engineering departmentSlide58
Helping othersWater for peopleWater aid
PWN – treatment units to hurricane sitesSlide59Slide60
Experimental Observations
Jar 1
Jar 2
Jar 3
Jar 4
Water
Canal
Canal
Canal
Tea
FeCl3
1mL
2mL
3mL
6mL
Observations
Visible floc?
Color floc?
Clarity after settlingSlide61
anybody thirsty?