The Formation of a Bipolar World The wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union deteriorated quickly after World War II Competition for control of Europe combined with earlier competing ideologies of communism and capitalism acted as catalysts to drive the two superpowers ap ID: 245923
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Chapter 38: The Bipolar WorldSlide2
The Formation of a Bipolar World
The wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union deteriorated quickly after World War II.
Competition for control of Europe combined with earlier competing ideologies of communism and capitalism acted as catalysts to drive the two superpowers apart.
It split Europe into separate spheres, then became global with the Korean War.Slide3
The Formation of a Bipolar World
The Cold War in Europe
Eastern Europe
Forced to align themselves with the USSR following WWII
Became communist under the watchful eye of the Soviets
Western Europe
Capitalist and democratic
Aligned themselves with the United States
Berlin
Germany divided into East and West
West thrived while East struggled
Berlin divided as well… The Berlin Wall
NATO and The Warsaw Pact
NATO - Non Communist Western countries
The Warsaw Pact – Communist Eastern countries
Both built up huge stores of nuclear and conventional weapons.Slide4
The Formation of a Bipolar World
Confrontation in Korea
Following WWII, Korea was divided along the
38
th
Parallel.
North Korea - pro-Communist
South Korea - pro American1950 – North Korea invaded South Korea in an attempt to unite Korea under one Communist Regime.Slide5
The Formation of a Bipolar World
Confrontations in Korea and Cuba
U.S
enter the war on the side of South Korea…. TRUMAN DOCTRINE…
Provided air, sea, and ground supportSlide6
The Formation of Bipolar World
After
initial success, Chinese communist forces halted the U.N. forces and the war resulted in a two-year stalemate along the 38
th
parallel.
THE RESULT
Korea remained divided along the 38
th parallel.NOTHING CHANGED, but Communism was contained.Slide7
The Formation of a Bipolar World
Confrontations in Korea and Cuba
Domino
Theory – If one Asian country would fall to communism, then others would fall in a domino like effect.Slide8
The Formation of a Bipolar World
Confrontations with Korea and Cuba
April
17, 1961
The Plan: Cuban refugees trained by the CIA would invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro.
The Result: TOTAL DISASTER!!!
U.S. looks ignorant and incompetent…Slide9
The Formation of a Bipolar World
Confrontations with Korea and Cuba
October
16, 1962- Spy plane photos revealed Soviet missile bases being built in Cuba.
Cuban Missile Crisis
followed- A stand off between the S.U. and U.S. that nearly led to nuclear war.Slide10
The Formation of a Bipolar World
Confrontations with Korea and Cuba
Kennedy’s
Options:
Negotiate with Khrushchev.
Invade Cuba.
Blockade Cuba.
Bomb the missile sites.Slide11
The Formation of a Bipolar World
Kennedy’s decision:
Naval Quarantine
Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles and Kennedy removed the blockade.
Kennedy removed missiles from Turkey.Slide12
The Formation of a Bipolar World
Cold War Societies
Soviet and U.S. societies were extremely different from one another
U.S. societies – U.S. had wonderful, modern new appliances and a fairly high standard of living.
Soviet societies – Little in home technology and lower standard of living.
Stages like the Olympics became peak points of competition and opportunities to prove superiority
Despite the intense competition, both countries were continually tempered by the threat of mutual destruction.Slide13
The Formation of a Bipolar World
Cold War Societies
Sputnik
– Soviet satellite that was the first artificial satellite ever sent into space.
Confirmed American fears of Soviet technological superiority.
U.S. starts NASA.
U-2 Incident –American U-2 spy plane was shot down over Russia.Intensified the Cold War conflict. Slide14
Challenges to the Superpower Hegemony
In most Soviet satellites, rebels and dissidents were crushed
The People’s Republic of China, however, stood up to the USSR and managed to maintain its own Marxist state independently.
Both powers suffered setbacks when they took on Vietnam and Afghanistan.Slide15
Challenges to Superpower Hegemony
Defiance, Dissent, and Intervention in Europe
After Stalin’s death, the new premier Nikita Khrushchev began a process of de-Stalinization, which ended the rule of terror and attempted to erase Stalin’s name and image from Soviet society.
Liberalized the government and soviet society.Slide16
Challenges to Superpower Hegemony
The People’s Republic of China
After Japan’s defeat in 1945, China broke into a state of Civil War
Nationalists vs. Communists
Communists victorious under Mao Zedong formed the People’s Republic of China
People’s Republic of China
Enacted major social reforms including banning child marriages, foot binding, and granting women access to divorce.
Collectivized agricultureFormed close relationship with Russia, but by 1964 China had industrialized and their relationship with Russia had deterioratedAlso successfully tested nuclear weapons.Slide17
Challenges to Superpower Hegemony
Détente and the Decline of Superpower Influence
Détente – Reduction of hostilities between the U.S. and Soviet Union that began in the late 60s.
Vietnam War
North Vietnam – Communist
South Vietnam – Non-Communist
Viet Cong – Pro communist South Vietnamese
U.S. comes to aid of South VietnamGuerilla warfare and jungle war proved difficult and in 1973 the U.S. withdrew.South Vietnam fell to communism 2 years laterAfghanistanPro- Soviet coup in 1978 made Afghanistan a communist nation
New government instituted reforms that led to intense backlash
Soviet forces aided the government against the
mujahideen
(Islamic Holy Warriors)
U.S. aides
mujahideen
Soviet eventually withdrew after 9 years, and civil war erupted with the Taliban eventually coming to power in 1996Slide18
Challenges to Superpower Hegemony
Détente and the Decline of Superpower Influence
Countercultural movement and youth revolution
Young individuals in all parts of the world criticized the Cold War and traditional societal practices
Particularly intense opposition to in U.S. in response to the Vietnam War
Rock and Roll and music played an important part in the protest movements.Slide19
The End of the Cold War
Revolutions in Eastern and Central Europe
By 1989, most of the former Soviet countries of central and eastern Europe had succumbed to revolutions which threw off communism and Soviet rule
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
In the midst of economic collapse and revolution, Mikhail Gorbachev fell from favor and by 1991 lost power.
Rule fell to Boris Yeltsin who dismantled the Communist Party and pushed Russia toward a market economy.
By December 1991, the Soviet Union was no more.
Toward and Uncertain futureThe world had been used to the power struggle between the U.S.A. and Soviet Union, and the fall of the Soviet Union meant a shift in power that is still working itself out today.
China, North Korea, etc…