Antifungal and Antiviral Drugs Fungal Infections Locations of fungal infections Fungi are found in soil air and contaminated food Mycoses are infections or diseases caused by a fungus Types of infections ID: 610937
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Slide1
Chapter 42
Antifungal and Antiviral DrugsSlide2
Fungal Infections
Locations of fungal infections
Fungi
are found in soil, air, and contaminated food.
Mycoses are infections or diseases caused by a fungus.
Types of infections
Systemic - Throughout the body
Dermatophytic
- Hair, skin, and nails
Candida - Skin and mucous membranesSlide3
Fungal Infections
Locations of fungal infections
Systemic
Infect blood, bones, and lungs
Can be dangerous in chronically ill patients
Common in hospitals
Neutropenic patients
Immunocompromised by HIV
Patients in intensive care for extended periodsSlide4
Fungal Infections
Locations of fungal infections
Dermatophytic
Infect hair, nails, and skin
Common type of fungal infection
Symptoms - Itching, discolored and scaling skin, inflammation, blisters, and broken skin
Caused by Tinea species
Tinea capitis- scalp
Tinea
unguium
- nail
Tinea
pedis
- footSlide5
Fungal Infections
Locations of fungal infections
Candida infections
Vaginal yeast infections
Thrives in
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
GI tract
Urinary bladder
Thrush
- Candida infection of the mouth or pharynxSlide6
Antifungal Drugs
Classes of antifungal drugs
Large class of drugs
Discovered in nature but are also synthetically made
Used in the treatment of systemic fungal infections and candidiasis
Antifungal drugs have no antibacterial or antiviral activitySlide7
Systemic Antifungal Drugs
Amphotericin B
Drugs used in treatment of systemic fungal infections are usually fungicidal
First-line therapy for systemic fungal infections
Associated with transfusion reaction
Chills, fever, muscle spasm, headache, vomiting, and hypotension
Associated with serious renal damageSlide8
Antifungal Drugs
Azoles
Wide spectrum of activity against common fungal pathogens
Adverse effects
Fever
Rash
GI- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Headache and hallucinations
Skin peeling
All azoles prolong the anticoagulant action of warfarinSlide9
Oral and Topical Antifungal Drugs
Topical administration
Application to the surface of the skin or mucous membrane
Useful in superficial, less-serious fungal infections
Less than 10% of drug is absorbed with topical administration
Safe during pregnancy
Patients must complete the entire course of therapy even when symptoms have improved
Drug hypersensitivity is the only absolute contraindication for antifungalsSlide10
Viral Diseases
Virus exposure
Virus - Small infectious agent that must invade a living cell to reproduce
Viral diseases
Influenza, chickenpox, cold sores, rabies, mononucleosis, pneumonia, and AIDS
Viral immunity
Acquired- antibody formation from having the disease, usually in childhood
Passive acquired immunity- vaccination with live or inactivated virusSlide11
Viral Diseases
Viruses are dependent upon the host.
Use the host’s cells to replicate
Inject their own DNA or RNA into cells, which then produce viral proteins and genetic material
Cells are programmed to rupture and release new viruses into the host to infect more tissue
Drug therapy is aimed at killing the virus without killing the host cells
Difficult to
accomplishSlide12
Viral Diseases
Influenza
Flu viruses- there are many
Exposure results in immunity to only the particular subtype that a person is exposed to
Vaccine is formulated each year containing strains of the virus expected to produce flu
Grown in highly purified chicken eggs
Adverse reactions include soreness at injection site. Mild fever and myalgia may occur
Recommended
for
high-risk persons or those who could transport the virus to them, such as health care
providers
Contraindicated in persons allergic to eggsSlide13
Antiviral Drugs
Influenza
Amantadine,
rimantadine
, Tamiflu
Used prophylactically to reduce severity
Given to patients who have been symptomatic for less than 3 days
Should be given to patients in the high-risk categories- elderly, immunocompromised, and patients with chronic diseases
Antiviral drugs are effective because they block virus attachment to human cells or interfere with viral proteins needed for replication
All antivirals may be associated with nausea, gastritis, GI pain, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, confusion, dizziness, insomnia,, arthralgia, myalgia, allergic reactions, hypertension, edema, and rash
Should not be given during pregnancy