timetimeofevent2describeassertagentblowactionactbuildactionbuildlexchallengeobjectorcstimetimeofevent2 Foramomenttheorcsquailedandthe eryshadowhaltedThissentencewasrepresentedwit ID: 407397
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(describe(assertsubclass#orcssuperclass(buildlex"orcs")))(describe(assertagent*orcsact(buildaction(buildlex"yell"))time*time-of-event-1))(describe(assertagent*orcsact(buildaction(buildlex"advance")=advancedirection*boromir)time*time-of-event-1))Thebestwaytorepresenttheorcsisasasubclassofthegeneralclassoforcs,particularlythesubclassthatlivesintheMinesofMoriaandarechasingafterthefellowship.Thistoo,isnotstatedexplicitlysincethisinformationisextraneousandnotneededbythelogicoftheverbdenitionalgorithm.OnethingtonotehereisthatthiseventisoccuringatthesametimeastheeventoftheBalrogadvancingtowardsBoromir.7 time#time-of-event-2))(describe(assertagent*blowactionact(buildaction(buildlex"challenge")object*orcs)time*time-of-event-2)) ForamomenttheorcsquailedandtheeryshadowhaltedThissentencewasrepresentedwithoutanymodication.(describe(assertagent*orcsact(buildaction(buildlex"quail"))=quailtime#time-of-event-3))(describe(assertagent*shadowact(buildaction(buildlex"halt"))=halttime*time-of-event-3))9 TimeAxiomsThesesimplystatethattheeventtimesareoneafteranother,inthefollowingfashion:(describe(assertbefore*time-of-event-1after*time-of-event-2))(describe(assertbefore*time-of-event-2after*time-of-event-3)) 10 1.5BackgroundKnowledgeThebackgroundknowledgeislikeaperson'scommonsense.Hereiswheretherulesoflogicandoflanguagearekept.ThereareonlytwoitemsthatCassieneedstoconnect`quail'with`halt'.Racingtowardssomethingiscloseinmeaningtoadvancingtowardssomething(describe(addsynonym*advancesynonym*race)) Thecaseframeusedhereissynonym,whichisnotwhollycorrect.However,thisissucientforthetimebeing.TheBigRuleAswaspreviouslydiscussed,representingcausality(eg.ThereasonactionYoccursisbecauseofactionX)isquiteadicultissue.WiththeadviceofDr.Rapaport,wemadetherepresentationofcausalitysimplybeonebigif-thenrulewithalotof`ifs'.Thereasonforrepresentingtherulethiswayisthatconnectedstatementsoftheform:if(if(ifAthenB)thenC)thenDcanreallyberepresentedas:11 if(AandBandC)thenDOnewayoflookingatthislogicisbysimplythinkingofanowpointintime.Intherstformabove,weconsiderthesituationwherethenowpointismovingfromAtoBtoCandnallytoD.Inthesecondform,itcanbethoughtofasthesituationwhereeventAandBandChasalreadyoccured(thenowpointisrightafterC).Inthesecondform,wedon'tcarehoweventsA,BorCoccured,justthattheydidinsomepasttime.Inbothforms,whenthenowpointisjustafterC,thentheeventsAandBandCbringsaboutD.Thissimplicationworksgreatforthisprojectandperhapsitmayevenbevalidforamoregeneralsituation.However,moreresearchisneededtoreallyconrmthatitisapplicableinanysituation.TheruleofinferenceusedtomakeCassiegureoutthat`quail'isrelatedto`halt'isgivenhere,butispresentedinaratherspecicform.Theideaisthis:IFagentAperformssomeactionandagentBperformsasimilaractiontoAandsomeactionoccurssometimeafterandagentAperformsanactionrepresentedbyaknownwordandagentBperformsanactionrepresentedbyanunknownword;THENtheactionrepresentedbytheunknownwordislikelytobeasynonymoftheknownword.HereishowsucharuleisdenedinSNePS:(describe(addforall($x$y$w$initial-action-1$initial-action-2$some-act$final-act-1$final-act-2$t1$t2$t3)&ant((buildbefore*t1after*t2)12 1.6Cassie'sResultsIncludedintheappendixisasamplerunoftheverbdenitionalgorithmonthepassagerepresentationandthebackgroundrule.Theverbdenitionalgorithmisnotabletomakeanyconnectionabouttheword`quail'butisabletousethebackgroundruletomake`quail'and`halt'besynonymsofeachother.Theverbdenitionalgorithmhowever,isnotabletopickupthee ectofthisbackgroundrulering.Infact,theverbdenitionalgorithmisnotevenabletounifythefactthat`orcscanquail',insteadbeingjustleftwith`somethingcanquail'.Onereasonthatwesuspecttheverbdenitionalgorithmisnotabletounifyto`orcscanquail'isbecauseofthewayorcsisrepresented.Wenoticedthattheverbdenitionalgorithmisabletounifyonlywithsubjectsthatusethemember-classcaseframe.Inthisproject,orcsarerepresentedusingthesubclass-superclasscaseframandthatmightbeareasonwhytheverbdenitionalgorithmisnotabletounify.Weranatest,changingtherepresentationoftheorcstousethemember-classcaseframe.Thistimeround,itwasabletounifyandgive`orcscanquail'.However,itisnotabletoinferanyotherfactsthanthat.1.7FutureWorkGivenmoretimetoworkontheproject,wewouldliketoexaminetheverbdenitionalgorithmcloser,andhopefullyseewhyasubclass-superclasscaseframedoesnotwork.Also,wewouldliketoseeifwecanaddthefeaturethatifsomebackgroundruleaddsaconnectiontothelexiconoftheword,thenthedenitionalgorithmshouldpickupontheconnection.Overallhowever,itwasaverysatisfyingprojectandgavealotofinsightsintotheeldofcontextualvocabularyacquisition.Itseemsthatthereisstillmuchthatcanbedoneandneedstobedonebeforewecantrulyhaveacomputationalcognitiveagentthatisabletofullyinferthemeaningofwordsfromcontext.15 ^(setqsnip:*infertrace*nil);Definecaseframes;loadallpre-definedrelations:(intext"/projects/rapaport/CVA/STN2/demos/rels");loadallpre-definedpathdefinitions:(intext"/projects/rapaport/CVA/mkb3.CVA/paths/paths")(defineobjectpropernamelexmemberclasssubclasssuperclassobjectpropertyagentacteventactiondirectionsynonymtimebeforeafter)^(load"/projects/rapaport/CVA/STN2/defun_verb.cl");;============================;;ORIGINALPASSAGE,UNMODIFIED;;============================;"Thedarkfigurestreamingwithfireracedtowardsthem.Theorcsyelledand;pouredoverthestonegangways.ThenBoromirraisedhishornandblew.;Loudthechallengerangandbellowed,liketheshoutofmanythroatsunder;thecavernousroof.Foramomenttheorcs*quailed*andthefieryshadow;halted.Thentheechoesdiedassuddenlyasaflameblownoutbyadark;wind,andtheenemyadvancedagain.";ThefieryshadowracedtowardsBoromir;--------------------------------------;"Thedarkfigurestreamingwithfire"ischangedto"fieryshadow";"them"ischangedtosimply"Boromir"17