The Tudors England 14851603 Mary I Administration and economy The aim of this and next lesson is to assess these interpretations of Mary Is reign Positive achievements there were none ID: 703971
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Group AGroup BGroup FSlide2
AQA A Level History Unit 1C: The Tudors: England, 1485–1603
Mary I:
Administration and economySlide3
The aim of this and next lesson is to assess these interpretations of Mary I’s reign:
“Positive achievements there were none.”
G.R. Elton
“Sterility was the keynote of Mary’s reign.” A.F. Pollard
…in order to help us answer this question:
To what extent did Mary’s reign contribute to
a
Mid-Tudor crisis?Slide4
Mary I balance sheet On a piece of A4 paper write the question:
To
what extent did Mary’s reign contribute to a Mid-Tudor crisis? Divide the paper into two columns with these headings:Crisis?What crisis?Slide5
Mary and ParliamentMary remodelled Parliament, replacing radical bishops in the House of Lords and creating 19
new seats in the Commons.
Nevertheless she met with opposition from Parliament. Slide6
Mary and Parliament Use info from the paragraph inTillbrook
pp.44-5 and your own knowledge to assess the validity of this statement:
Mary’s relationship with Parliament was one of conflict rather than co-operation. Tip: identify examples of conflict and co-operation/compromise, and use them to agree or disagree with the statement.
10
Slide7
Conflict
Co-operation/compromise
Mary and Parliament
Parliament sent a delegation (Nov.1553) to persuade Mary not to marry Philip of Spain.
Mary went ahead but negotiated a marriage treaty which dealt with Parliament’s concerns.
80 (=20% of ) MPs opposed the repeal of Edward VI’s religious legislation (Nov. 1553).
Mary allowed the owners of ex-Church land to keep it, in return for repealing the Act of Supremacy and introduction of new heresy laws (Dec 1553-Jan 1554).Parliament rejected a bill to confiscate the property of Protestant exiles (1555).Parliament rejected a bill to protect Philip against treason (1554) and prevented his coronation (1554).
Parliament refused to exclude Princess Elizabeth from the succession after Wyatt’s Rebellion (1554).Mary didn’t pressure Parliament over these issues or use her prerogative to dissolve it. It was in the interests of Mary and Parliament to co-operate in order to prevent rebellion.Slide8
Mary I balance sheet Under the appropriate heading, summarise Mary’s relationship with Parliament.
Crisis?
(if you think it was characterised mainly by conflict)
What crisis? (if you think it was mainly characterised by co-operation/compromise)Slide9
Which of the following is true of Mary’s Privy Council?It was only made up of religious conservatives
None of the councillors had previous experience of
government
Supporters of Northumberland were not includedMary didn’t consult it about her marriageIts large size made it inefficientSlide10
Mary’s Privy CouncilIncluded
Stephen Gardiner - Lord Chancellor (conservative)
Duke of Norfolk (senior conservative noble)
William Paulet – Lord Treasurer (reformer, had supported Northumberland)William Paget – Lord Privy Seal (reformer, had supported Northumberland) In practice only 8-12 of its 50 members attended meetings - Gardiner, Paulet and Paget were key players.
Its efficiency was enhanced by the establishment of 12 subcommittees with specific administrative responsibilities, e.g. developing the navy.Slide11
Mary I balance sheet Under the appropriate heading, comment on Mary’s management of the Privy Council.
Crisis?
(if you think that it was generally
poorly managed)What crisis? (if you think that it was generally well managed)Slide12
Mary’s chief advisersAt the start of her reign: Simon Renard (Imperial Envoy), especially for advice on her marriage.
Philip of Spain (advised her to develop the navy and not to escalate religious persecution).
After his return from exile (Nov.1555): Cardinal Reginald Pole (Papal Envoy), especially on religious policy.Slide13
According to Richard Rex, why was Mary unable to appoint a chief minister as effective as Wolsey or Cromwell?
“…with none of these men [in her government] could she ever enjoy that degree of trust essential to the relationship between monarch and chief minister… If they had not played a leading part in destroying the world of her childhood in the 1530s… then they had browbeaten her over religion around 1550. She might appreciate political realities enough to understand that she could never govern without these men, the Gardiners,
Pagets
and Paulets. But she never liked them… and she shared enough of the prejudices of the old nobility to think rather little of men who had clawed their way up the greasy pole. The two men she did trust, King Philip and Cardinal Pole, though both talented, could never fit the bill. Neither the foreigner nor the exile had the close ties among the English political elite vital to success in such a role. Besides this, Philip was mostly out of the country, while Pole was too idealistic and unworldly to act effectively as a chief minister, and in any case had no desire to do so.”Slide14
According to Richard Rex, why was Mary unable to appoint an effective chief minister?
“…with none of these men [in her government] could she ever enjoy that degree of
trust
essential to the relationship between monarch and chief minister… If they had not played a leading part in destroying the world of her childhood in the 1530s… then they had browbeaten her over religion around 1550. She might appreciate political realities enough to understand that she could never govern without these men, the Gardiners, Pagets and Paulets. But she never liked them… and she shared enough of the prejudices of the old nobility to think rather little of men who had clawed their way up the greasy pole.
The two men she did trust,
King Philip and Cardinal Pole
, though both talented, could never fit the bill. Neither the foreigner nor the exile had the close ties among the English political elite vital to success in such a role. Besides this, Philip was mostly out of the country, while Pole was too idealistic and unworldly to act effectively as a chief minister, and in any case had no desire to do so.”Slide15
Mary I balance sheet Under the appropriate heading, comment on Mary’s choice of chief advisers.
Crisis?
(if you think that overall, it contributed to her failure as a monarch)
What crisis? (if you think that overall, there were advantages to her choices)Slide16
Economic problemsDebts of £185,000, increased to £300,000 by war with France.Rising inflation and base coinage – the buying power of an agricultural worker’s wages in 1559 was 59% of what it had been in 1509.
Heavy rain (1555-6) caused worst harvest failures of the century, resulting in rising grain prices and famine.
Typhus and influenza epidemics doubled the death rate and killed c.1 in 10 of the population (1556-8).
Unemployment and vagrancy.However, economic problems did not lead to rebellion.Slide17
The search for overseas markets
Mary continued the policy of Northumberland, who sent Richard Chancellor and Sir Hugh Willoughby to discover a north-eastern sea route to the Far East (1553).
Chancellor reached the White Sea and travelled by land to Muscovy, where he established links with Ivan IV.
In 1555, a royal charter was issued to the Muscovy Company giving it exclusive trading rights in the region. Slide18
Administrative and economic changesUsing your notes and the handout, create a diagram which ranks changes in the areas below in order of success.
Add notes explaining the changes and their significance.
Overseas markets
Revenue collectionCustoms dutiesCrown landsCoinageNavyMilitia
Towns
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Admin/economy
Change
Revenue collection
Customs duties
Crown lands
Coinage
Navy
Militia
Towns
Improved by increasing the responsibility and efficiency of the
Exchequer
(as recommended by 1552 commission).
A new
Book of Rates
(the first since 1507)
was introduced in 1558.
Customs duties increased from £29,000 to £83,000
, but it was Elizabeth I who benefitted from this.
A survey of crown lands led to a
review of rents and fines
which brought Mary another
£40,000 p.a
.
However, she had to sell lands worth £5,000 p.a. (1554) and £8,000 p.a. (1557) to help pay off Crown debts. She also returned Crown lands worth £60,000 p.a. to the Church.
Mary made
plans to reissue the coinage
, but these were not carried out until 1560-61.
Six new ships
built;
14,000 p.a. funds
allocated to navy.
Militia Act (1558)
made the method of raising troops in wartime more efficient;
Arms Act (1558)
improved supply and quality of weapons.
Charters
were issued confirming the rights of towns;
Acts of Parliament protected urban
clothmaking
and trades
against rural competition by restricting the migration of workers to the countryside.
However, encouraging the growth of a variety of industries in town and country would have provided more jobs for the unemployed.Slide20
Mary I balance sheet Under the appropriate headings, list Mary’s administrative and economic successes and failures.
Crisis?
What crisis? Add any other achievements or failures of her reign (marriage, foreign policy, religion, succession, rebellion).Slide21
Write a paragraph assessing these interpretations of Mary I’s reign:
“Positive achievements there were none.”
G.R. Elton
“Sterility was the keynote of Mary’s reign.” A.F. Pollard
Tip: argue for and against the idea that Mary’s reign was a failure, supporting your arguments with relevant examples. 10 Slide22
Structure
and content
Marks out of 10
Opening sentence refers to the interpretations
1
Arguments for
and against the interpretations are used2Relevant supporting examples are used6Final sentence gives a clear judgement 1Marking Grid
A = 8-10 B = 7 C = 6
D = 5
E = 4
U = 1-3Slide23
Mid-Tudor crisis key factors
Factionalism
Weakness of leadership and succession
Religious upheavalEconomic problemsForeign policy failuresRebellionsWhat can you add to your MTC tree for Mary’s reign?
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