Summary News Cast from 1979 What should the president do now To Be Considered Who is involved Immediate goals Longterm goals Immediate consequences Longterm consequences Precedents being set ID: 625360
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IFA: Iranian Hostage Crisis 1979
Summary News Cast from 1979
What should the president do now
?
To Be Considered
Who is involved
Immediate goals
Long-term goals
Immediate consequences
Long-term consequences
Precedents being set?Slide2
Chapter 30, Section2
Middle East since 1945Slide3
Remember Imperialism?
Imperialism in the Middle East culminated with France and Great Britain dividing what was left of the Ottoman Empire as they saw fit.
They had made contradicting promises to different groups
They had promised to create a Jewish State, while also promising to preserve Palestine.
The way they drew the new
borders ignored existing unofficial group and family Boundaries.The reason the Jews had a claim to the territory was that they controlled the area in biblical times.Slide4
The Issue of Palestine
The conflict between the Palestinians and the Jews over the creation of a Jewish state came to a head following WWII
In the years between WWI and WWII
Z
ionists, a group of Jews who wanted
Palestine as Jewish state, pushed hard for their own country.As the world slowly learned of the atrocities of the holocaust pressure grew to create a Jewish state.In 1948 the United Nations, the group responsible for managing the former Ottoman territory, divided Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state.Slide5
Map of Israel and Palestine 1948Slide6
The Issue of Palestine
The problems with this plan were numerous
Much of the Jewish land was uninhabitable
The
J
ewish territory was divided into three portions.The territory given to the Jews was already inhabited by ArabsThis plan made conflict in the long run all but inevitableMany of the other Arab Nations believed in an Idea of Pan-Arabism where one government would control all of the Arab world, which directly conflicted with the existence of IsraelSlide7
The Issue of Palestine
The immediate response by surrounding nations was anger that the Jews were in control of Muslim territory
They responded by invading the new country
The invasion failed and many Palestinians fled to nearby Arab countries and were forced to live as refugees.Slide8
Egypt and Nasser
After
E
gypt gained independence from Great Britain it was ruled by various governments
In the early 1950’s an Egyptian colonel named
Gamal Abdel Nasser took control of the government.In 1956 he seized control of the Suez Canal Company, which controlled the Suez CanalGreat Britain, France and Israel attacked Egypt to win back the Canal.The US and USSR support Egypt and they are able to retain control.Slide9Slide10
Nasser and Pan-Arabism
After the Suez conflict Nasser is seen as a powerful Arab leader and begins to promote Pan-Arabism
The first step for Nasser was to unite Syria and Egypt
He hoped this union would lead to more states uniting.
The problem was oil rich Arab states did not want to share their wealth.
Nasser wanted to Nationalize oil production to keep the profits in the Arab world rather than with western countries.The Union fell apart in 1961 when Syria withdrew.Slide11
The 1967 Six Day War
In 1967 Nasser decided to confront Israel by blockading their access to a key shipping lane.
Israel, fearing an attack, struck Egypt wiping out the Egyptian air force.
They then attacked the west bank (Palestine),
G
aza strip (Palestine) and the Sinai peninsula (Egypt).The war resulted in a major gain in terms of land for Israel.Slide12Slide13
The 1970’s
Nasser died in 1970 and was replaced by a man named Anwar el-Sadat.
Sadat and other Arab leaders were determined to get back the land lost in 1967
In 1973 they attacked Israel which was unsuccessful and ended in 1974
During this time period the United States and Europe became more involved due to spiking oil prices as a result of the conflicts.
OPEC or the Organization of Oil Exporting Countries had agreed to raise prices.Slide14Slide15
Camp David Accords
In1977 President Carter called a conference between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister
Menachem
Begin.
The agreement ended the hostility between the two countries
Most other Arab countries still refused to acknowledge Israel.Slide16
The PLO
The Palestine Liberation Organization was a group founded in Egypt in 1964 with the goal of creating an Arab state in
palestine
.
Division:
Political Wing: Led by Yasir ArafatTerrorist Wing: Al Fatah- Launched terrorist attacks against IsraelPromoted intifada- an uprising of Palestinians living inside Israel.In 1993 Israel and the PLO reached an agreement where there would be autonomous Palestinian areas inside Israel in exchange, PLO acknowledged Israel's right to exist.Slide17
Iranian Revolution
Iran in the 1950’s and 60’s was controlled by Reza Shah Pahlavi.
During this time period Iran became wealthy and was a major ally of the United States.
Many Iranian Muslims believed that the wealth was corrupting their society
They began to back a Muslim cleric name Ayatollah Khomeini
In 1979 Phalavi’s government collapsed and was replaced by a Muslim government run by KhomeiniSlide18Slide19
Iranian Revolution
The result of the revolution was the execution of any followers of the previous government
Also the American embassy was shut down and the US refused to acknowledge the new government
In the 1990’s there were numerous accusations of corruption and there was a softening of the Iranian government.
Today the US and Iran are still enemies.Slide20
Iraq-Iran War
Led by Saddam Hussein the Iraqi’s launched an invasion of Iran
Why?
Religious differences: Iraq Sunni, Iran
Shiia
Control of the Straight of HormuzThe US sent aid to Iraq because of their dislike of IranIraq used chemical weapons against civiliansThe US withdrew supportIn 1988 there was a ceasefire between the twoSlide21Slide22
Operation Desert Storm
Iraq’s next move was to invade Kuwait, which it claimed was rightfully part of its own territory.
The US responded by invading Iraq to protect it’s oil interests in Kuwait.
The US pushed the Iraqi’s all the way to Baghdad, but stopped before they toppled Saddam’s regime.
Later in the 2000’s the US invaded again and Saddam Hussein was caught and executed for war crimes.Slide23Slide24
Afghanistan
Originally led by a king who sought economic assistance from the USSR
He was overthrown by his cousin who was then overthrown by the soviets themselves in 1978
The soviets controlled for 10 years but were forced out by rebel groups supported by US forces
The
Taliban took control in 1996, but lost control after the US invasion following the 9/11 attacks. The Taliban were accused of harboring terrorist leader Osama Bin Laden Slide25
Middle Eastern Culture
Islam
The vast majority of the middle east is
I
slamic
Recently there has been a purge the area of non-Islamic influencesTerrorism:Large misperception that all Muslims are terroristsMost are peaceful and the Quran condemns murderRole of Women:Slowly being given more freedoms, though only in some Arab countriesSlide26
US and the Middle East Today
Iraq:
The US invaded Iraq in 2002
Over 10,000 US Casualties
Full withdrawal in 2011
Iraq currently has a tenuous democracyIran:The US and Iran have reached heightened levels of tension recently over access to the straight of Hormuz where 30% of the worlds oil flows throughAlso Iran is hostile towards Israel which is a long standing US allyAnother issue is Iran’s nuclear program which they claim is peacefulSlide27
Assignment
Topics
Palestine/Israel
Egypt
Six Days War
OPECIraq-Iran WarAfghanistanPresentation3 Options RecommendationTo Be ConsideredWho is involvedImmediate goalsLong-term goalsImmediate consequencesLong-term consequencesPrecedents being set?