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Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA NRCS PLANTS Plant Guide VIRGI NIA CREEPER Parthen o cissus qu inquefolia (L.) Pl an ch. Plant Sym b ol = PAQU2 Co n t ribu ted b y : USDA NRC S Na tio na l Pl a n t Da ta Cen t er Rober t H. M ohlenbr ock @ U S DA NRCS P L ANT S Warning: Virginia cree per berries are hi ghly toxic to hum ans an d may be fatal if e a ten . Its s a p c a n also cause ski n irrita tio n in so me people. Alternate Names Wo o dbi nd , wo od bi ne , fal s e g r apes , fi ve l e a v es, Am erican Ivy, five lea v ed Ivy , thicket cree pe r Uses Wild life: The berries of this pl ant are eaten by m a ny anim a l s especi ally birds. Ani m als such a s mice, sk unk s, ch i p mu nk s, sq u i rrels, cattle an d d e er will m unch on t h e l eaves a n d stems. T h is plant provides great c o ver for sm a ll anim als because of is thick fol i a ge . T h e vi nes pr o v i d e bi r d s wi t h perc he s, nesting places and leaf s u rfac e s to find food. Erosi o n C o nt r o l : Virginia c r eeper is used a s a ground cove r t o c ontrol soil erosion i n s h a d ed areas and on sl opes . Med icina l : T h e ba rk has bee n has bee n use d i n dom est i c m e dici ne as a t o nic, expectorant, a n d rem e dy . The b e rri es ha ve bee n fo u n d ser v i c eabl e i n rh eu m a tic co mp lain ts an d are foun d to h e lp cu re dr o p sy . The r o ot s are u s ed for diarrhea and t h e bark an d tw igs ar e mad e in to coug h syru p. O r nam en t a l: It is often cu ltivated as an o r n a men t al because of its fall foliage a n d to re place m a ny exotic p l an ts. It is an ex cellen t co v e rin g fo r walls, t r ellises, ar bo rs o r f e n c es. I t m a y also b e g r ow n on t h e gr oun d t o co ve r ol d st um ps, r o ck pi l e s an d ot he r “e y e sores” . Descripti o n Vine Fam i ly (Vitaceae). Virginia c r eepe r is a native , f a st-g ro w i n g , per e nn ial, w oody v i n e t h at m a y cli m b or t r ai l al o n g t h e gr o u n d . T h e l eaves a r e c o m poun d, cont ai ni ng fi ve l eafl e t s . Lea f l e t s ran g e i n si z e fr om 2- 6 i n ches an d have t o ot he d m a rgi n s. T h e l eafl e t s are re d when they first em erge but turn gree n as they matu re. In t h e fall, leav es tu rn a brigh t red t o m a ro on c o lor . T h e in co n s p i cu ou s gr ee n co lor f l o w ers a r e b o rn e in sm all clu s ters du ring th e sp ri n g and fo llowed b y small clu s ters of fru it in early su mm er . Th is fru it is a 4 to 6 mm d i a m eter b l u i sh-b lack b e rry t h at us ual l y co nt ai ns t w o t o t h ree seed s. Th e vi ne s adhe re t o s u rfa ces by m eans of fi ve to eight bra n c h ed ten d rils end i ng in cu p-lik e adh e siv e tip s. New stem s are br ow ni s h - g reen an d fi nel y hai r y b u t g r ad ual l y acqui re pal e , ra i s ed dot s a n d t u r n p u r p l i s h- b r ow n with ag e. Virg in ia creeper is o f ten co nfu s ed wit h eastern poi s o n i v y ( T o xi code nd ro n r a di ca ns ), h o w e ver ; a clear distinction betwee n the species is t h at eastern p o i son iv y h a s th ree leaflets an d Vi rg i n ia creep e r h a s fiv e leaflets. Th e PLANTS Web site at pl ant s . u s d a. go v c ont ai n s a n i m age o f east e r n poi s o n iv y. Repr od uct i o n: Vir g inia cre e p e r fl owe r s fr o m June to Augu st, m a tu res fru its fro m Augu st to Oct o b e r and dr o p s f r u i t s f r o m Sept em ber t o Fe b r ua ry . T h e see d s are dispe r sed by birds. T h e se eds us ually germinate th e first or seco nd spring after d i sp ersal. Ad aptation an d Dis t ributi o n V i rg in ia cr eeper is f oun d th rou gho u t t h e south e rn , mid w estern and eastern h a lf of th e Un ited States. The pl ant i s al so nat i v e t o no rt her n M e xi co a n d sout heast e r n C a nada f r om No va Sc ot i a t o O n t a ri o . Vi r g i n i a cre e p e r ca n be f o un d i n ne w a n d o l d f o re st s an d fo r e st m a r g in s. I t can also b e f oun d on t h e borders of clea rings, on t r ees , al on g fence r o w s a n d stream b a n k s . Th e p l an t t h ri ves in p a rtial shad e to fu ll su n. It p r efers acid i c so il, and to lerates a wi de ran g e Plan t Materials ttp ://p lan t -materials.n rcs.u s da.g ov �/ Plan t Fact Sh eet/Gu i d e C o o r d i n a tion Pag e ttp ://p lan t -materials.n rcs.usd a .g ov /in tran et /p fs.h tm �l Nat i onal Pl ant Dat a C e nt er h t t p : / / npdc .us d a . g �ov o f so ils fro m d r y sand y so ils to m o ist lo amy so ils. Th e p l an t is also salt to leran t . Th e sp ecies is cu ltiv ated as an o r n a m e n t al i n m a n y m o ist te m p erate areas of the world. For c u r r ent di s t ri but i o n, pleas e cons ult the Pl ant Profile p a g e for th is sp ecies on th e PLANTS W e b site. Esta blishment Seeds can be s o wn i n the fall or in t h e s p ri ng after co ld-m o i st stratificatio n . Seed s sho u l d b e d r illed 3 / 8 in ch es d e ep i n so il or m u lch . Op tim u m p l an tin g is 10 pl ant s per s qua re f o ot . Vi r g i n i a creepe r ca n al so be pr o p agat e d f r o m hardw o od c u t t i ngs o r l a y e r i ng. Manageme nt On ce Vi rg i n ia creep er is well estab lish e d, it g r o w s qui c k l y . It m u st oft e n be pr u n ed t o p r eve n t i t from get t i ng o u t of c ont rol . T h e s p eci es can ha ndl e p e ri o d s of sp arse rain fairly well; h o w ev er, i f a d r ou gh t p e r s ist s , w a ter th e v i ne ev er y w e ek so ak i n g the s o il at least six i n ches . Vi rgi n ia cree per can be a ram p ant gr o w e r wi t h a cl i m bing hei ght o f ov er 60 feet and a spre ad of over 50 feet. Pests a n d Po tentia l Pro b lems No pests or dis eases are of m a jor c o ncern, but mild ews, leaf sp o t s, ca n k e r and wilt are o ccasio n a l pr o b l e m s . Vi r g i n i a c r eepe r i s som e t i m e s bot here d by b eetles, scale, leaf h opp ers, caterp illars an d oth e r leaf eating insects. These pe sts ca use t h e leaves t o be r a gg ed an d tatter e d. So m e literatu re sug g ests th at Virg in ia Creeper is n o t pois o nous, but the sa p of t h e plant contains oxalate crystals and ca n ca use s k in irritation and ras h es i n som e people. O r nam en t a l: I f yo u gro w V i rgin ia cr eep e r on w a lls, make sure you want it as a permanent fi xture. Once it is estab lish e d , i t is v e ry d i fficult to rem o v e . You coul d dam a ge t h e wal l t r y i ng t o rem ove t h e s p eci es. Environmental Concer ns Virg in ia creeper will g r o w up an y tree and m o st sh rub s . Th is sp ecies will slowly k ill th e host on whi c h i t i s gr o w i n g, beca use i t pre v ent s t h e host f r om receiving a n a d equate am ount of sunlight. It can als o cro w d or c h ok e ot he r pl ant s . Co ntr o l Please contact your local ag ri cu ltu ral ex tensio n sp ecialist, or co un ty weed specialist to learn wh at works best in your a r ea. If c h e m icals are reco mm en d e d b e su re to read th e lab e l and fo llo w all application a n d safety instruct ions for each c ont rol m e t hod. T r a d e nam e s and co nt r o l m easures appea r i n t h i s d o c u m e nt onl y t o p r ovi de speci fi c i n f o r m at i on. US DA NRCS doe s not g u ara n tee o r war r a n ty the pr o duct s a n d c ont rol m e t hods nam e d, an d ot her pr o duct s m a y be e qual l y ef fe ct i v e. B e l o w i s an in tern et site t h at co n t ai n s co ntro l inform atio n for Virg in ia creeper: North Caro lin a State Un iv ersity h ttp ://ip m . n c su .edu /app le/o rch a rdg u i d e /Herb i cid e s. pd f Culti vars , Im proved, and Selected Materi als (and a rea of o r ig in) The c o mm ercial nurse r y trade has de veloped three  Virg in ia creeper cu ltivars:  ‘Engelm a nii’-This has sm aller leaves and better  clinging c h arac teristics than t h e species general  p opu latio n. ‘M o nham ’-T h e l eaves ha ve whi t e vari e g at i ons.  ‘Varieg a ta’-It i s less v i go ro us th an t h e species’  g e n e ral p opu latio n , bu t th e leav es are m a rk ed with y e l l o w an d w h i t e t h en de vel o p a pi n k a n d re d c o l o r in the fall.  Contact your l o cal Nat u ral R e sources Conservation  Serv ice (form e rly So il Con s erv a tio n Service) office  fo r m o re in fo r m ation. L o ok in the p h o n e b o o k u nder  ”United States Gove rnm e nt.” The Nat u ral R esources Co n s erv a tio n Serv ice will b e l i sted und er t he  subhea ding “ D epartm en t o f Ag ricu lture.”  Refere nces Allen, C . M., D . A. Ne wm an and H . H . W i nte r s. 2002. Trees, an d s h ru bs, an d wo o d y vi nes o f L o ui si ana. Al l e n’s Nat i v e Vent ures , LLC . p . 17 2 B eaul i e u, Da vi d. 2 0 0 5 . A b out h o m e and gar d en - l a ndsca pi n g . http ://lan d s cap i n g.abou t.co m K r ess, Steph e n W . 200 5. Broo k l yn Bo tan i cal G a rd en . h ttp ://www.b bg .o rg /g ar2 /to p i cs/wild life/h a nd boo k s / b i r ds/ i n dex . ht m l Mich ig an State Un iv ersity Ex t e n s ion . 200 5. Or nam e nt al pl ant s . h ttp ://web1 . m s u e .m su .edu /m s u e/i m p / m o d zz/ 0 000 104 0.h t m l Misso uri Bo tan i cal Gard en . 20 05 . W e b site. ht t p : / / m obot . o r g / g a r de ni n g h el p/ de faul t . as p M ohl e n b r oc k, R . H. 2 0 0 5 . Im age of Vi r g i n i a cree per IN So ut h e r n w e t l a nd fl or a: Fi el d o ffi ce g u i d e t o pl ant sp ecies ( 199 1) . USDA N RCS Sou t h N a tion a l Technical Cent er, Fo rt Wo rth, TX . h ttp ://p lan t s.u s d a .g ov N eal, J.C. an d U v a, R.H . 2005 . C o rn ell Un i v er sity ho rt i c ul t u r e de part m e nt . It hac a , Ne w Y o r k . h ttp ://www.g ard e n i n g .corn e ll.ed u / Poi s o n i v y , oa k, a n d s u m ac inf o rm at i on ce n t er. 20 0 5 . Web site. ht t p : / / poi s oni vy .aesi r .c om Un i v ersity of Flo r id a. 2 005 . L a ndscape pla n t fact sheet. h ttp ://h ort.ifas.u fl.edu /sh r ub s/ U S D A FS 2005 . Fir e ef f ects i n fo r m atio n syste m . h ttp ://www.fs.fed . u s /d atab ase/ feis/p lan t s/v i n e /p arq u i / all.h t m l Weedale r t.com . 2005. T h e t u rf professi onal’s online so urce fo r weed co n t ro l op tion s . h ttp ://weedalert.co m Y a rd en er . 2005 . Car e o f V i rgin ia cr eep e r. h ttp ://www.yard e n e r.co m / Ca r e o f Virg in iaCreep e r.h t m l Prepare d By: Kellie Kin g and Ja mes Hen s on , US D A NRCS Nat i onal Pl ant Dat a C e nt er , B a t on R o uge , L oui si a n a Species Coordinator: Jame s Hens on , USDA NRCS Natio n a l Plan t Data Cen t er, Bat o n Ro ug e, Lou i sian a Ed it ed: 1 9 s e p 0 5 jsp ; 0 608 02 jsp For m o r e inform ation about this and o t her plants, please contact your local NRCS f i eld of f i ce or C ons er vation Distr i ct, and visit the PLAN TS Web site http://plants.usda. gov � or the Plant Materi als Progra m Web site http://Pla nt-Mate r ials.nrcs.usda.gov � The U. S. Department of A g riculture ( U SDA ) prohibits discrimination in all its program s and activities on the b a sis of race, color, national or igin, sex, religion, age, disability , political beliefs, sexual orientation, an d marital or family status. ( N ot all prohibited bases apply to all progr ams.) Persons with disabilities who require altern ative means for communication of pr ogram information ( B raille, large print, audiotape, etc. ) should contact USDA's TAR G ET Center at 202- 720- 2600 ( v oice and TDD) . To file a complaint of discrimina tion write USDA, Direc t or, Office of Civil Rights, Ro om 326-W , W h itte n Building, 14th a nd I ndependence A venue, SW , W a shingt on, DC 20250- 94 1 0 or call 202- 72 0- 596 4 ( v oice or TDD) . USDA is an equal opp ort unity provider an d employer. R e ad about Civil R i ghts at the Natura l R e sources Convervation Service . o f so ils fro m d r y sand y so ils to m o ist lo amy so ils. Th e p l an t is also salt to leran t . Th e sp ecies is cu ltiv ated as an o r n a m e n t al i n m a n y m o ist te m p erate areas of the world. For c u r r ent di s t ri but i o n, pleas e cons ult the Pl ant Profile p a g e for th is sp ecies on th e PLANTS W e b site. Esta blishment Seeds can be s o wn i n the fall or in t h e s p ri ng after co ld-m o i st stratificatio n . Seed s sho u l d b e d r illed 3 / 8 in ch es d e ep i n so il or m u lch . Op tim u m p l an tin g is 10 pl ant s per s qua re f o ot . Vi r g i n i a creepe r ca n al so be pr o p agat e d f r o m hardw o od c u t t i ngs o r l a y e r i ng. Manageme nt On ce Vi rg i n ia creep er is well estab lish e d, it g r o w s qui c k l y . It m u st oft e n be pr u n ed t o p r eve n t i t from get t i ng o u t of c ont rol . T h e s p eci es can ha ndl e p e ri o d s of sp arse rain fairly well; h o w ev er, i f a d r ou gh t p e r s ist s , w a ter th e v i ne ev er y w e ek so ak i n g the s o il at least six i n ches . Vi rgi n ia cree per can be a ram p ant gr o w e r wi t h a cl i m bing hei ght o f ov er 60 feet and a spre ad of over 50 feet. Pests a n d Po tentia l Pro b lems No pests or dis eases are of m a jor c o ncern, but mild ews, leaf sp o t s, ca n k e r and wilt are o ccasio n a l pr o b l e m s . Vi r g i n i a c r eepe r i s som e t i m e s bot here d by b eetles, scale, leaf h opp ers, caterp illars an d oth e r leaf eating insects. These pe sts ca use t h e leaves t o be r a gg ed an d tatter e d. So m e literatu re sug g ests th at Virg in ia Creeper is n o t pois o nous, but the sa p of t h e plant contains oxalate crystals and ca n ca use s k in irritation and ras h es i n som e people. O r nam en t a l: I f yo u gro w V i rgin ia cr eep e r on w a lls, make sure you want it as a permanent fi xture. Once it is estab lish e d , i t is v e ry d i fficult to rem o v e . You coul d dam a ge t h e wal l t r y i ng t o rem ove t h e s p eci es. Environmental Concer ns Virg in ia creeper will g r o w up an y tree and m o st sh rub s . Th is sp ecies will slowly k ill th e host on whi c h i t i s gr o w i n g, beca use i t pre v ent s t h e host f r om receiving a n a d equate am ount of sunlight. It can als o cro w d or c h ok e ot he r pl ant s . Co ntr o l Please contact your local ag ri cu ltu ral ex tensio n sp ecialist, or co un ty weed specialist to learn wh at works best in your a r ea. If c h e m icals are reco mm en d e d b e su re to read th e lab e l and fo llo w all application a n d safety instruct ions for each c ont rol m e t hod. T r a d e nam e s and co nt r o l m easures appea r i n t h i s d o c u m e nt onl y t o p r ovi de speci fi c i n f o r m at i on. US DA NRCS doe s not g u ara n tee o r war r a n ty the pr o duct s a n d c ont rol m e t hods nam e d, an d ot her pr o duct s m a y be e qual l y ef fe ct i v e. B e l o w i s an in tern et site t h at co n t ai n s co ntro l inform atio n for Virg in ia creeper: North Caro lin a State Un iv ersity h ttp ://ip m . n c su .edu /app le/o rch a rdg u i d e /Herb i cid e s. pd f Culti vars , Im proved, and Selected Materi als (and a rea of o r ig in) The c o mm ercial nurse r y trade has de veloped three  Virg in ia creeper cu ltivars:  ‘Engelm a nii’-This has sm aller leaves and better  clinging c h arac teristics than t h e species general  p opu latio n. ‘M o nham ’-T h e l eaves ha ve whi t e vari e g at i ons.  ‘Varieg a ta’-It i s less v i go ro us th an t h e species’  g e n e ral p opu latio n , bu t th e leav es are m a rk ed with y e l l o w an d w h i t e t h en de vel o p a pi n k a n d re d c o l o r in the fall.  Contact your l o cal Nat u ral R e sources Conservation  Serv ice (form e rly So il Con s erv a tio n Service) office  fo r m o re in fo r m ation. L o ok in the p h o n e b o o k u nder  ”United States Gove rnm e nt.” The Nat u ral R esources Co n s erv a tio n Serv ice will b e l i sted und er t he  subhea ding “ D epartm en t o f Ag ricu lture.”  Refere nces Allen, C . M., D . A. Ne wm an and H . H . W i nte r s. 2002. Trees, an d s h ru bs, an d wo o d y vi nes o f L o ui si ana. Al l e n’s Nat i v e Vent ures , LLC . p . 17 2 B eaul i e u, Da vi d. 2 0 0 5 . A b out h o m e and gar d en - l a ndsca pi n g . http ://lan d s cap i n g.abou t.co m K r ess, Steph e n W . 200 5. Broo k l yn Bo tan i cal G a rd en . h ttp ://www.b bg .o rg /g ar2 /to p i cs/wild life/h a nd boo k s / b i r ds/ i n dex . ht m l Mich ig an State Un iv ersity Ex t e n s ion . 200 5. Or nam e nt al pl ant s . h ttp ://web1 . m s u e .m su .edu /m s u e/i m p / m o d zz/ 0 000 104 0.h t m l Misso uri Bo tan i cal Gard en . 20 05 . W e b site. ht t p : / / m obot . o r g / g a r de ni n g h el p/ de faul t . as p M ohl e n b r oc k, R . H. 2 0 0 5 . Im age of Vi r g i n i a cree per IN So ut h e r n w e t l a nd fl or a: Fi el d o ffi ce g u i d e t o pl ant