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CReferenceCard(ANSI)ProgramStructure/Functionstypefnc(type1,:::)functiondeclarationstypenameexternalvariabledeclarationsmain(){mainroutinedeclarationslocalvariabledeclarationsstatements}typefnc(arg1,:::){functionde nitiondeclarationslocalvariabledeclarationsstatementsreturnvalue;}/**/commentsmain(intargc,char*argv[])mainwithargsexit(arg)terminateexecutionCPreprocessorincludelibrary le#include lename�includeuser le#include" lename"replacementtext#definenametextreplacementmacro#definename(var)textExample.#definemax(A,B)�((A)(B)?(A):(B))unde ne#undefnamequotedstringinreplace#concatenateargsandrescan structurememberoperatorname.memberstructurepointerpointer�-memberincrement,decrement++,--plus,minus,logicalnot,bitwisenot+,-,!,~indirectionviapointer,addressofobject*pointer,&namecastexpressiontotype(type)exprsizeofanobjectsizeofmultiply,divide,modulus(remainder)*,/,%add,subtract+,-left,rightshift[bitops]&#x,000;&#x,000;comparisons&#x,000;,&#x,000;=,comparisons==,!=bitwiseand&bitwiseexclusiveor^bitwiseor(incl)|logicaland&&logicalor conditionalexpressionexpr1?expr2:expr3assignmentoperators+=,-=,*=,:::expressionevaluationseparator,Unaryoperators,conditionalexpressionandassignmentoper-atorsgrouprighttoleft;allothersgrouplefttoright.FlowofControlstatementterminator;blockdelimeters{}exitfromswitch,while,do,forbreaknextiterationofwhile,do,forcontinuegotogotolabellabellabel:returnvaluefromfunctionreturnexprFlowConstructionsifstatementif(expr)statementelseif(expr)statementelsestatementwhilestatementwhile(expr)statementforstatementfor(expr CReferenceCard(ANSI)Input/Output&#xstdi;&#xo.h0;StandardI/Ostandardinputstreamstdinstandardoutputstreamstdoutstandarderrorstreamstderrendof leEOFgetacharactergetchar()printacharacterputchar(chr)printformatteddataprintf("format",arg1,:::)printtostringssprintf(s,"format",arg1,:::)readformatteddatascanf("format",&name1,:::)readfromstringssscanf(s,"format",&name1,:::)readlinetostrings(maxchars)gets(s,max)printstringsputs(s)FileI/Odeclare lepointerFILE*fppointertonamed lefopen("name","mode")modes:r(read),w(write),a(append)getacharactergetc(fp)writeacharacterputc(chr,fp)writeto lefprintf(fp,"format",arg1,:::)readfrom lefscanf(fp,"format",arg1,:::)close lefclose(fp)non-zeroiferrorferror(fp)non-zeroifEOFfeof(fp)readlinetostrings(maxchars)fgets(s,max,fp)writestringsfputs(s,fp)CodesforFormattedI/O:"%-+0w:pmc"-leftjustify+printwithsignspaceprintspaceifnosign0padwithleadingzeroswmin eldwidthpprecisionmconversioncharacter:hshort,llong,Llongdoublecconversioncharacter:d,iintegeruunsignedcsinglecharscharstringfdoublee,Eexponentialooctalx,Xhexadecimalppointernnumberofcharswritteng,Gsameasfore,EdependingonexponentVariableArgumentLists&#xstda;&#xrg.h;declarationofpointertoargumentsva_listname;initializationofargumentpointerva_start(name,lastarg)lastargislastnamedparameterofthefunctionaccessnextunamedarg,updatepointerva_arg(name,type)callbeforeexitingfunctionva_end(name)StandardUtilityFunctions&#xstdl;&#xib.h;absolutevalueofintnabs(n)absolutevalueoflongnlabs(n)quotientandremainderofintsn,ddiv(n,d)retursnstructurewithdiv_t.quotanddiv_t.remquotientandremainderoflongsn,dldiv(n,d)returnsstructurewithldiv_t.quotandldiv_t.rempseudo-randominteger[0,RAND_MAX]rand()setrandomseedtonsrand(n)terminateprogramexecutionexit(status)passstringstosystemforexecutionsystem(s)Conversionsconvertstringstodoubleatof(s)convertstringstointegeratoi(s)convertstringstolongatol(s)convertpre xofstodoublestrtod(s,endp)convertpre xofs(baseb)tolongstrtol(s,endp,b)same,butunsignedlongstrtoul(s,endp,b)StorageAllocationallocatestoragemalloc(size),calloc(nobj,size)changesizeofobjectrealloc(pts,size)deallocatespacefree(ptr)ArrayFunctionssearcharrayforkeybsearch(key,array,n,size,cmp())sortarrayascendingorderqsort(array,n,size,cmp())TimeandDateFunctions&#xtime;&#x.h00;processortimeusedbyprogramclock()Example.clock()/CLOCKS_PER_SECistimeinsecondscurrentcalendartimetime()time2-time1inseconds(double)difftime(time2,time1)arithmetictypesrepresentingtimesclock_t,time_tstructuretypeforcalendartimecompstmtm_secsecondsafterminutetm_minminutesafterhourtm_hourhourssincemidnighttm_mdaydayofmonthtm_monmonthssinceJanuarytm_yearyearssince1900tm_wdaydayssinceSundaytm_ydaydayssinceJanuary1tm_isdstDaylightSavingsTime\ragconvertlocaltimetocalendartimemktime(tp)converttimeintptostringasctime(tp)convertcalendartimeintptolocaltimectime(tp)convertcalendartimetoGMTgmtime(tp)convertcalendartimetolocaltimelocaltime(tp)formatdateandtimeinfostrftime(s,smax,"format",tp)tpisapointertoastructureoftypetmMathematicalFunctions&#xmath;&#x.h00;Argumentsandreturnedvaluesaredoubletrigfunctionssin(x),cos(x),tan(x)inversetrigfunctionsasin(x),acos(x),atan(x)arctan(y=x)atan2(y,x)hyperbolictrigfunctionssinh(x),cosh(x),tanh(x)exponentials&logsexp(x),log(x),log10(x)exponentials&logs(2power)ldexp(x,n),frexp(x,*e)division&remaindermodf(x,*ip),fmod(x,y)powerspow(x,y),sqrt(x)roundingceil(x),floor(x),fabs(x)IntegerTypeLimits&#xlimi;&#xts.h;Thenumbersgiveninparenthesesaretypicalvaluesfortheconstantsona32-bitUnixsystem.CHAR_BITbitsinchar(8)CHAR_MAXmaxvalueofchar(127or255)CHAR_MINminvalueofchar( 128or0)INT_MAXmaxvalueofint(+32,767)INT_MINminvalueofint( 32,768)LONG_MAXmaxvalueoflong(+2,147,483,647)LONG_MINminvalueoflong( 2,147,483,648)SCHAR_MAXmaxvalueofsignedchar(+127)SCHAR_MINminvalueofsignedchar( 128)SHRT_MAXmaxvalueofshort(+32,767)SHRT_MINminvalueofshort( 32,768)UCHAR_MAXmaxvalueofunsignedchar(255)UINT_MAXmaxvalueofunsignedint(65,535)ULONG_MAXmaxvalueofunsignedlong(4,294,967,295)USHRT_MAXmaxvalueofunsignedshort(65,536)FloatTypeLimitsloa;&#xt.h0;FLT_RADIXradixofexponentrep(2)FLT_ROUNDS\roatingpointroundingmodeFLT_DIGdecimaldigitsofprecision(6)FLT_EPSILONsmallestxso1:0+x6=1:0(10 5)FLT_MANT_DIGnumberofdigitsinmantissaFLT_MAXmaximum\roatingpointnumber(1037)FLT_MAX_EXPmaximumexponentFLT_MINminimum\roatingpointnumber(10 37)FLT_MIN_EXPminimumexponentDBL_DIGdecimaldigitsofprecision(10)DBL_EPSILONsmallestxso1:0+x6=1:0(10 9)DBL_MANT_DIGnumberofdigitsinmantissaDBL_MAXmaxdouble\roatingpointnumber(1037)DBL_MAX_EXPmaximumexponentDBL_MINmindouble\roatingpointnumber(10 37)DBL_MIN_EXPminimumexponentMay1999v1.3.Copyrightc\r1999JosephH.SilvermanPermissionisgrantedtomakeanddistributecopiesofthiscardpro-videdthecopyrightnoticeandthispermissionnoticearepreservedonallcopies.SendcommentsandcorrectionstoJ.H.Silverman,Math.Dept.,BrownUniv.,Providence,RI02912USA.hjhs@math.brown.edui456