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Psychology I Mrs. Hart  Approaches to Psychology Psychology I Mrs. Hart  Approaches to Psychology

Psychology I Mrs. Hart Approaches to Psychology - PowerPoint Presentation

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Psychology I Mrs. Hart Approaches to Psychology - PPT Presentation

What is psychology Psychology is the scientific systematic study of behavior and mental processes in both humans and animals It uses the scientific method to ask and answer questions about why people think act and feel as they do Behavior ID: 927898

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Slide1

Psychology I

Mrs. Hart

Approaches to Psychology

Slide2

What is psychology?

Psychology

is the scientific, systematic study of behavior and mental processes in both humans and animals. It uses the scientific method to ask and answer questions about why people think, act, and feel as they do. Behavioris influenced by both physiological (physical) and cognitive (mental) factors.

Slide3

What is psychology?

Psychology

focuses on behaviors that can be seen, observed, and measured. Thoughts, feelings, and fantasies, although not observable, are also important in understanding human behavior

and are part of psychology.

Slide4

Early Theories of Human Behavior

Mystical/Supernatural:

Mystical explanations consider abnormal behavior to be the result of possession by spirits. Archeologists

have uncovered skulls with holes drilled in them dating back as far as 8,000

B.C.

Called trephining, some

anthropologists theorize that the holes may have been drilled into the skull as a means of releasing “evil spirits” that were trapped inside the head causing abnormal behavior

.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84PWUXKKvLM

Slide5

Early Theories of Human

Behavior

Ancient Egyptian Ka : The ancient Egyptians explained behavior in a unique way. They believed that a human soul was made up of five parts: the Ren

, the Ba, the

Ka

, the

Sheut

, and the Ib. The Ka was a

spiritual entity, an aspect of the individual, believed to live within the body during life and to survive it after death. The Ka, said the Egyptians, determined an individual’s behavior, and could be seen by looking into a person’s eye.

Slide6

Early Theories of Human Behavior

Humorism

: a system of medicine detailing the makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by the Ancient Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers. They believed that an excess or deficiency of any of four distinct bodily fluids in a person - known as humors – directly influenced their temperament,

behavior,

and

health. The four humors

are black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. When a patient was suffering from a surplus or imbalance of one of these four fluids, then

that patient’s personality

and or physical health could be negatively affected.

Slide7

Early Theories of Human Behavior

Phrenology

: the study of the structure of the skull to determine a person's character and mental capacity. This school of thought was based on the false assumption that mental faculties are located in brain “organs” on the surface of the brain and could be detected by visible inspection of the skull.

Though this theory of human behavior and

mental processes was invalid, phrenology advanced the correct

notions

that the human brain is the seat of character, emotions, perception, intellect, etc., and that different parts of the brain are responsible for different mental functions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQWn-QnEmEk

Slide8

Early Theories of Human Behavior

Astrology

is the study of how the position and path of the sun, moon, and stars have a bearing on people’s lives. It is based on the premise that there is a relationship between astronomical phenomena and events in the human world. Astrology uses horoscopes to explain aspects of a person’s personality and to predict future even in their life.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iE0emE_QS58

Slide9

Goals of Psychology

Description

: describe or gather information about the behavior that is being studied and present what is known.Explanation: propose a hypothesis about some behavior, make a prediction and test it, then develop a theory based on the findings. Theories change as data improves understanding, and theories together make validate or cause certain psychological principles to change.

Slide10

Goals of Psychology

Prediction

: using accumulated knowledge, a guess can be made about what organisms will do, and with humans, what they may think or feel in the future.Change: psychologists use basic science or research to find out more about behavior, then use

applied science,

discovering ways to solve problems and change behavior using scientific findings based on research.

Slide11

Scientific Basis for Psychology

In psychology, facts are based on data obtained from methods like experimentation, surveys and case studies. Psychologists use the

scientific method, reaching their conclusions by identifying a specific problem, forming a hypothesis, collecting data, and analyzing it to solve the problem.

Slide12

Scientific Basis for Psychology

Wilhelm

Wundt set up the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879. The procedure he followed, not his results, was important and led

to

the scientific method as an objective method of

observation and

analysis of behavior

. Over time psychological theories of behavior have developed which are continually reviewed and revised as new information becomes available.

Slide13

Origins of Psychology

Early Greek philosophers with their reliance on observation as a means for knowing their world, set the stage for the development of the sciences, including psychology.

Slide14

Origins of Psychology

In the 17

th century, French philosopher, Rene Descartes, developed an approach to understanding human behavior, based on the assumption that the mind and body influence each other to create a person’s experiences.

Slide15

Origins of Psychology

By the 19

th century, biologists had discovered cells, chemists developed the periodic table of elements, and in this environment, psychology was founded.

Slide16

Historical Approaches: Structuralism

Structuralism

is a school of thought founded by Wilhelm Wundt, who is considered to be the “father of modern psychology”. He was interested in the basic elements of human experience. Wundt developed a method of self-observation called introspection to collect information from participants, who reported their thoughts and feelings. His approach to studying human behavior was systematic.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW6nm69Z_IE

Slide17

Historical

Approaches: Functionalism

Functionalism is a school of thought founded by William James, who believed that all activities of the mind (thinking, feeling, learning, remembering) serve the function of helping organisms to survive. He focused on the functions or actions of the conscious mind and the goals or purposes of behavior. Functionalists study how people and animals adapt to their environments.

Slide18

Historical Approaches:

Inherited Traits

Another school of thought, founded by Sir Francis Galton, a 19th century mathematician and scientist, focused on heredity and how it influenced a person’s abilities, character, and behavior. He developed procedures for testing the abilities and characteristics of a wide range of people. However he failed to take into account that heredity and environment act together to influence intelligence and behavior.

Slide19

Historical Approaches:

Gestalt Psychology

Gestalt Psychology is a school of thought founded by a group of German psychologists, Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka, who studied how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences. Perception is more than the sum of its parts, and involves a “whole pattern” or “Gestalt”.

Slide20

Slide21

Slide22

Slide23

Slide24

Slide25

Contemporary Approaches: Psychoanalytic Psychology

Psychoanalytic psychology

is a school of thought founded by Sigmund Freud, that studies how the unconscious mind, with its motives and conflicts, determine human behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Freud also thought they these motivations and conflicts were responsible for many medically unexplained physical symptoms in his patients.

Slide26

Psychoanalytic

Psychology: Freudian Techniques

Freud used a technique called free-association to reveal the operation of unconscious processes in people. He also believed that dreams are expressions of the most primitive unconscious urges. He used dream analysis to learn more about a patient’s urges. He kept careful records, or case studies, as a tool for investigating behavior.

Slide27

Challenges and Exploring

Example - Climbing

Dream 140 (Female; 25) The dream involved a friend and myself at a beach resort. We went to the beach that was crowded and rocky, with some parts of it that looked like a jungle. We were watching people dive off the rocks, one of whom was my ex-boyfriend. In the next sequence, I was with my family in a courtyard adjacent to the beach, and there was a ladder made of rope that disappeared into the clouds. We all started climbing the ladder. I was first, and reached a platform where we were assisted by a man who offered us juice and food. There was a beach in this 'world' also, but I had forgotten my passport and I was nervous that they would send me back down.

Slide28

My discussion

Surely, both Freud and Jung would have had a field day with that dream above, with its biblical connotations? The dreamer is apparently shown a vision of heaven, with a ‘Saint Peter’ type character ready at the gate with refreshing offerings. But what must she change in her conscious life to ensure she makes that same heavenly transition on her final day? Both analysts might have required hours at the couch to tease out the subconscious fears and desires that had prompted such a dream. But I see it in the simplest of terms; she is inquisitive, she is intrigued, she climbs with determination, and is first to the top. There she is rewarded with nourishing food. But even then she cannot take her new advantage for granted; she must overcome obstacles if she is to remain.

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3zHh56xcfs

Slide29

Contemporary Approaches: Behavioral Psychology

Behavioral psychology

, a school of thought pioneered by Ivan Pavlov, analyzed how subjects learn or modify their behavior based on their response to stimuli in their environment. Behavioral psychologists investigate observable behavior and feel that only observable facts of behavior should be

studied.

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRrBsoU3PVI

Slide30

Behavioral Psychology

John B. Watson

: maintained that all behavior, even instinctive, is the result of conditioning, and happens because of an appropriate stimulus in the environment. This classical conditioning, is a form of learning in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. Watson and Rosalie Rayner, used classical conditioning on a human infant in the case of Little Albert to see what role it played in the development of emotional responses in children.

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI

Slide31

Behavioral Psychology

Many behaviors today are shaped by the pairing of stimuli. Certain stimuli, such as the smell of a cologne or perfume, a certain song, a specific day of the year,

may evoke fairly intense emotions. It's not that the smell or the

song are the cause of the emotion, but rather what that smell or song has been paired with...perhaps an ex-boyfriend or ex-girlfriend, the death of a loved one, or maybe the day you met you current husband or wife. Individuals make these associations all the time and often don’t realize the power that these connections or pairings have on them. But, in fact, people have been classically conditioned.

Slide32

Behavioral

Psychology

B.F. Skinner: introduced the concept of operant conditioning, which is learning based on the consequence of actions or responses. Reinforcement of a response increases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

.

https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=teLoNYvOf90

Slide33

Behavioral Psychology

Skinner

believed that the learning  he observed in his Skinner boxes could apply to human behavior.  He hypothesized that human behaviors were controlled by rewards and punishment and that their behaviors can be explained by principles of operant conditioning.

Skinner controlled his experiments by using “Skinner boxes.”   The Skinner box was a contraption that would automatically dispense food pellets and electric shocks.  

Slide34

Contemporary Approaches: Humanist Psychology

Humanist psychology

is a school of psychology that believes that each person has freedom in directing his/her future and achieving personal growth. It does not view humans as being controlled by events in the environment or by unconscious forces. The humanist approach emphasizes how each person is unique and has potential for personal growth. Humanist psychologists include Abraham Maslow

and Carl Rogers.

Slide35

Stranded on an Island

Imagine

you have been travelling with our class on a field trip to Hawaii by boat. It was a small ship and only some of us have survived and washed up on a deserted island. All we have is what we are wearing. What would your first thoughts be about? With the others in your group, make a plan for the next month. Make your plan short and simple.

You probably won’t even have writing materials on the island, so the plan must be concise. Someone in each group should write down your plan.

You

have 10 minutes to develop and write up your plan.

Slide36

Class Plans – Period 2

Group 1: Find safe place, explore, get food and water, make fire, make sure protected, make sure get food and water later, make SOS signal.

Group 2: look for fruit trees, look for fresh water, catch fish, built shelter,Group 3:

find shelter, drinkable water, food, look for wood for fire, try to make raft, write SOS in sand or make smoke signal, and then make weapons for hunting.

Group 4:

build shelter, find sticks and rocks for weapons, wood for fire, big help sign, find and gather food, coconut for water, and build raft.

Group 5

: built shelter, find water and food.

Group 6

: collect water, find shelter, collect wood for fire, and hunt.

Slide37

Class Plans – Period 8

Group 1: Build a shelter, sharpen stick, find water, fire, make dishes from coconuts, explore island for resources, make tools, smoke signals.

Group 2: SOS in sand, fire, make shelter, find water, make weapons and tools, make raft and carve oars.Group 3: explore island for necessities, shelter, raft, make fire and boil water, coconuts for dishes, bed/palm trees, sharpen sticks for hunting.

Group 4: explore island, make spear, make fire, find a cave or build shelter, find fresh water, coconuts, build a boat, big leaves and paddles.

Group 5: food and water, fish, make tools and weapons, start fire, drink coconut milk, build

a raft.

Slide38

Humanist

Psychologists: Maslow

Abraham Maslow: was an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicted on fulfilling basic human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization.

Slide39

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Slide40

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

In the Hierarchy diagram, after a need is satisfied it is no longer a motivator and the next level begins to motivate. As life is dynamic, not static, as things happen to

people (such as a health crisis) they may change their motivation and level. Self-actualization is

the goal

as

people try

to reach

their full

potential. While the lower level needs can be fully satisfied, this need is never totally achieved as a person always has new opportunities to grow. Maslow felt only a few will ever fully reach this level.

Slide41

Humanist Psychologists: Maslow

Maslow

stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a "bag of symptoms.” He believed that every person has a strong desire to realize his or her full potential, to reach a level of “self-actualization.”

Slide42

Humanist Psychologists

Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of Abraham Maslow, but added that for a person to "grow", they need an environment that provides them with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood). Without these, relationships and healthy personalities will not develop as they should, much like a tree will not grow without sunlight and water.

Rogers believed that every person can achieve their goals, wishes and desires in life. When, or rather if they did so,

self actualization

took place.

 

Slide43

Humanist Psychologists

According to Rogers, the potential of the individual human is unique, and we are meant to develop in different ways according to our personality.  Rogers believed that people are inherently good and creative.  They become destructive only when a poor self-concept or external constraints override the valuing process.  Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of

congruence.

This means that self-actualization occurs when a person’s

“ideal self”

(i.e. who they would like to be) is congruent with their actual behavior (self-image). 

Slide44

Contemporary Approaches: Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology

is a school of thought that focuses on how people process, store, retrieve and use information, and how information influences our thinking, language, problem solving and creativity. Behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes including perception, memories, and expectations. Cognitive psychology is similar to behavioral psychology.

Slide45

Psychology as a Profession

Psychologists are people who have been trained to observe, analyze and evaluate behavior in humans and animals. Some psychologists practice basic science, conducting research, collecting data, and forming theories about different disorders. Other psychologists practice applied science, helping people deal with emotional, behavioral, or learning issues. A related but different field is psychiatry.

Slide46

Psychiatry

Psychiatry

is a special branch of medicine. After a student finishes medical school, he/she continues to specialize in psychiatric medicine, learning to treat people with disturbed behavior, and able to prescribe medication or operate on patients.

Slide47

Clinical and Counseling Psychology

Clinical psychologists

are interested primarily in the diagnosis, cause, and treatment of psychological disorders. They work in private offices, mental hospitals, prisons, and clinics. Counseling psychologists help people deal with the problems of everyday life, usually working in their own offices, schools or industrial settings.

Slide48

Psychology Professionals

Educational psychologists

: deal with topics such as intelligence, memory problem solving, and motivation. They evaluate teaching materials, devise tests, and develop new instructional devices.Industrial psychologists: develop methods to boost production, improve working conditions, train people, and reduce accidents.

Slide49

Psychology Professionals

Environmental psychologists

: study the effects of the environment on people; look at the effects of natural and man made disasters, overcrowding, and pollution on the population.Psycho-biologists: study the effects of drugs or try to explain behavior in terms of biological factors.

Slide50

Psychology Professionals

Health psychologists

: study how stress or depression lead to physical ailments.Experimental psychologists: supply information and research used in psychology.Sports psychologists: study how psychology influences sports, athletic performance, exercise and physical activity.

Slide51

Related Fields of

Psychology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nEL44QkL9w

Biology

Chemistry

Physics

Anthropology

Sociology

Mathematics

History

Criminology

Ecology

Genetics

Slide52

Consider each of the following psychological issues/situations and decide how each school of psychology (psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic) might explain and possibly treat the disorder:

Army vet suffering from PTSD.

A mid-school child with test taking anxiety.A young woman experiencing depression on a regular basis.A high school student feeling overwhelmed and indecisive.