in different animal groups 34 of all animals gt1 million species are insects 1400000 animal sp 320000 plant sp Estimated of tropical species based on birds 23 x temperate ID: 602799
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Slide1Slide2Slide3
Number of species
in
different
animal
groups
3/4 of all animals
(>1 million species) are insects!
1,400,000 animal sp.320,000 plant sp.Estimated # of tropical species (based on birds) = 2-3 x temperate = 2.8-4.2 millionSo total = 4.2-5.6 million
Number of Species on Earth
The Creator, if He exists, has
"an inordinate fondness for beetles". – J.B.S. HaldaneSlide4
Olson, D. M., et al (2001).
Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: A new map of life on Earth.
BioScience 51(11): 933-938.
Ecoregion: a large area of land or water that contains a geographically distinct assemblage of natural communities that
(a) share a large majority of their species and ecological dynamics;
(b) share similar environmental conditions, and;
(c) interact ecologically in ways that are critical for their long-term persistence. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES
: Terrestrial ecoregions Slide5
261: California Coastal Chaparral Forest Shrub Province.
52 Ecoregions in U.S.Slide6
261: California Coastal Chaparral / Forest Shrub Province.
Climate
.
-- Hot, dry summers; rainy, mild winters.
Annual temperatures average 50º to 65 º F (10
º to 18 º C). Annual precipitation 10-50 in. with a pronounced summer drought.
Some moisture from fog in summer.Fire is common, usually set by lightning during the summer dry season.Vegetation.Riparian forest with many broadleaf species grows along streams. Willow, MulefatSclerophyll forest on the hills and lower mountains. Live oak, white oak Chaparral
on steep hill and mountain slopes too dry to support oak woodland or oak forest. Chamise and various manzanitas. Coastal Sage Scrub on exposed coastal areas. Buckwheat, Deerweed, Coyote bush, Black Sage, White Sage, California sagebrush, and bush lupine. Slide7
1.44% of the Earth's land surface, supporting ~70% of all plant species.
Account for 44% of all plant diversity, 35% of all terrestrial vertebrate species, and 75% of all terrestrial animal species listed as threatened by the IUCN-World Conservation Union.
California Floristic Province
25 Biodiversity HotspotsSlide8
CALIFORNIA
Biologically, most diverse state in the Union
40,000 species
More federally listed (i.e. Endangered and Threatened) species than any other mainland state
Human population expected to grow from 32 million to 49 million by 2025Slide9
Species Diversity by StateSlide10
Endemic Species by StateSlide11
Species Extinction by StateSlide12
Listed Species by StateSlide13
(Dobson et al., Science 275, 550 (1997)
Plants
Birds
Fish
Molluscs
Endangered Species in the U.S.
Southern California: a "hot spot" of
threatened biodiversitySlide14
Threatened, Endangered and Candidate Species in California
(terrestrial vertebrates)Slide15
California’s Native Ecosystems
(a selection)
% lostSlide16
Where have they gone?
Forests - logged
Native grasslands - converted to agriculture,
overgrazed, invaded by exotics
Wetlands - drained
Streams - channelized and dammed
Coastal sage scrub - converted to subdivisions,
shopping malls, highways
California's natural communitiesSlide17Slide18
Sclerophylls
: leaves are small , hard, stiff, waxy, evergreenSlide19
http://conserveonline.org/workspaces/global.med.assessment
Mediterranean ecosystems
Five distinct regions
Hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters.
2.2% of the Earth's surface, but support
20%
of the world's plant species. >50% of the plant species are endemic: found nowhere else All threatened by urbanization, land conversion, invasive species, altered fire regimes, excess grazing, tourism and climate change.
CASlide20
0-1500 feet elevation
California sagebrush (
Artemesia californica
), black sage, white sage, buckwheat and other drought-deciduous shrubs
~90% lost to development
California Quail, Callipepla californica
Coastal Sage Scrub
California EcosystemsSlide21
500-4,500 feet elevation.
Evergreen dense canopy 5-15 feet high containing chamise, manzanita, ceanothus, lemonade berry, scrub oak, toyon, mountain mahogany, yucca
Leaves contain flammable resins, but the plants are fire-adapted
ChaparralSlide22
1,500-4,500 feet elevation.
Evergreen oaks and sycamores
Poison oak, elderberry, coffeeberry, manzanita.
Oak WoodlandSlide23
> 4,500 feet elevation.
Coulter pine, jeffrey pine, white fir, Incense cedar, black oak, canyon live oak. Also shrubs and grasses
Huge losses to timber harvesting
Mixed Conifer ForestSlide24
East of the Peninsular Mountains
Low rainfall, high evaporation
Many plants are succulent: they store water in their stems and/or leaves
Creosote bush, desert willow, agave, indigo bush, chuparosa, beavertail cactus, cholla cacti, barrel cactus, smoke tree, saltbush, ocotillo, palo verde tree, desert fan palm, lupine, primrose, and verbena.
DesertSlide25
http://www.prbo.org/calpif/plans.html
Alongside streams and lakes
Willow, sycamore, cottonwood, mule fat.
Huge losses due to channelization and damming
RiparianSlide26
Wetlands
Inundated or saturated by water at least part of the time.
Five major types: marine, estuarine, lakes (including vernal pools), rivers, and marshes, swamps and bogs.
Most lost to draining, filling, harbor development
http://www.beachcalifornia.com/wetlands-california-birds-photos.htmlSlide27
Vernal Pools
Seasonally flooded depressions on an impermeable layer
Specially adapted plants that flower in succession as the pool dries,
giving concentric rings of colorSlide28
http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/